Search Results

Journal: Folia Philosophica

Kant and Husserl and the problem of an a priori ontologization and deformalization

Piotr Łaciak

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2007 | Abstract | pp. 106-127

The article presents two conceptions of a priori cognition, i.e. that of Kant and Husserl. Kant’s and Husserl’s positions differ as to the basis of importance of a priori. Kant conducts subjectivisation of a priori because, in his opinion, a priori criteria, such as generalization and necessity, have their basis in the recognising object, and, at the same time, express a subjective inability to present them in other way. Husserl, on the other hand, ontologises a priori, saying that aprioriness is grounded in the essence, and, as such, expresses an objective deriving from the essence’s inability to be in a different way. However, a consequence of a phenomenological ontologization of a priori is a discovery of a material a priori. The aritcle shows that it is possible to see an analogy between Kant’s and Husserl’s standpoints in terms of the scope of aprioriness. Kant’s subjectivisation of a priori, though, does not imply a total formalization of what is a priori because Kant is a creator of an idea of an un-clear synthetic a priori, where one can find similarities to Husserl’s material a priori.

2007-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Kant, Herder and Anthropology

Peter Kyslan

Language: EN | Published: 31-12-2024 | Abstract | pp. 1-16

This study explores the philosophical contributions of Immanuel Kant and Johann Gottfried Herder to the field of cultural anthropology. It examines Kant’s idealism and transcendentalism, which provided a universal perspective on culture and influenced various anthropological concepts. The research addresses the criticisms of Kant’s views on race and gender, highlighting the evolution of his thoughts in response to emerging scientific disciplines. Additionally, the study delves into Herder’s role in shaping modern cultural studies, emphasizing his opposition to Enlightenment universalism and his introduction of cultural relativism. Herder’s ideas on the uniqueness and dignity of different cultures are analyzed, illustrating their impact on the development of cultural anthropology. The paper concludes with the discussion of the ongoing relevance of Kant’s and Herder’s philosophies in contemporary anthropological discourse.

2024-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

The issue of imagination in Kant’s and Hegel’s philosophy

Radosław Kuliniak

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2008 | Abstract | pp. 221-236

The article was devoted to Kant’s and Hegel’s attempt to define the cognitive function and role ascribed to imagination. Kant observed, among other things, that it cannot play a slavish function either with respect to senses or intellect. Kant does not perceive imagination as the power of recognition, thanks to which a synthesis of presentations takes place supporting intellect in the process of constituting notions and allowing for a stable relationship with possible experience. It means that notions cannot be used beyond the subjects of our imaginations about them. They are depicted either as a priori or give us an insight into sensual data. Thus, cognition does not have non-subject-like elements. First problems appear when Kant makes an attempt to define the conditions of synthesis, and, subsequently, the issues of „what” and „how” we learn. In this respect, Hegel considers imagination as an absolute power however the one which in its action is not fully given to us. Its existence is nothing coincidental because it gives the possibility of accessing the world of presentations. Though it is not the only power uniting the world of presentations. The presentations are rather the condition of the examination of the subject being learned. In such a way we are exposed to viewing presentations and their cognition.

2008-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Scotian inspirations in Immanuel Kant’s transcendentalism

Jacek Surzyn

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2011 | Abstract | pp. 153-168

The paper deals with important problem of a parallel between the notion of transcendentalism in Johan Duns Scotus and Immanuel Kant. For it might be argued that it is possible to point out at least some Scotian inspirations in Kant. Kant worked in the intellectual atmosphere influenced by Scotus, especially his notion of metaphysics as transcendental science (scientia transcendens), followed then by F. Suarez and Ch. Wolff, and the latter had a great influence on Kant. This paper provides a set of arguments from indirect proofs based on the parallel in Scotus and Kant. Despite of the fact that in cases like this one it is impossible to call for certainty, the conclusions seem to be hard to invalidate.

2011-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

From Kant to Foucault. What is there left of the copyright law?

Gilbert Larochelle

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2000 | Abstract | pp. 223-237

The concept of „intellectual property”, in its modern sense, was formed in the 18th c. It is derived directly from the philosophy of subject (or, more precisely, from Kant’s and Fichte’s philosophy), from the conceptualisation of that subject’s status as „the author", and from recognising his work as a „commodity" in the commodity exchange. The legal distinction in question served then the purpose of establishing the normative and legal foundations of the copyright, which postulated a substantial connection between the book and the person of its creator. The critics, however, of modern institutions have completely demolished the above scheme. It is particularly the representatives of post-structuralism that defend the idea of a radical separation between the subject and the work. The present article attempts to answer the question: is plagiarism still possible in a world of ideas in which all possibility of identifying the work's origin, of distinguishing between a copy and the original, disappears? The theses advanced by Kante and Fichte and concerning the nature of the book have been here compared with Foucault’s position which denies the subject’s function as the author. Further on. the concept of responsibility for the text been cited as an idea that does not have to be seen from Kant's ontological perspective, and an attempt has been made to restore the subject to the environment of its work, and to show that the post-modern concept of the author remains
impracticable.

2000-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Polish new-critical philosophy vs. the philosophy of Kant

Barbara Szotek

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2004 | Abstract | pp. 195-204

The author of the article attempts at presenting the output of transcendental philosophy of Kant at the turn of the 19th century in Poland through the creative output of Adam Mahrburg and Marian Massonius. These thinkers were the most outstanding representatives of the Polish new-critical philosophy, which was numbered among the second [critical] stage of positivism in Poland that had raised the importance of cognizance in philosophy. It resulted in Kant’s provenience of philosophical criticism. However, their attitude towards the philosophy of Kant was ambivalent, and this is what the author tries to show by examining the stance of Massonius in this case.

2004-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Gottried Mann’s position in the controversy over Kant’s philosophy

Andrzej J. Noras

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2000 | Abstract | pp. 205-222

The subject of the present article is Gottfried Martin’s interpretation of Kant’s philosophy. The significance of this insight into the thought of the Königsberg philosopher consists in its taking the historical context of that thought as much as possible into consideration. Martin’s interpretation is distinguished by its attempt at obtaining a synthetic view on Kant’s philosophy, and, at the same time, at showing it in the context of the development of philosophy as such. Martin, when dealing with the problem of the continuity of philosophy, the problem of transcendentalism, and of the thing-in-itself, does not exclude any interpretation, but only tries to demonstrate their limitations. Thus, in a dispute with other views, an interpretation of Kant’s philosophy that certainly may be regarded as one of the most significant in th the 20th c. philosophy is arrived at.

2000-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Kant in the XIXth-century disputes on metaphysics

Andrzej J. Noras

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2009 | Abstract | pp. 35-50

The paper tries to systematize the views on metaphysics in the XIXth-century in broadly taken pre-neokantian and Neo-Kantian movement. Taking the Kantian notion of the “thing-in-itself” as a central one I point it as a key to the XIXth-century metaphysics. Hence Jacobi, who was first to point the importance of this problem, needs to be considered as a central figure. The analysis of Neo-Kantianism - and especially its metaphysical current - shows that even its representatives were unable to notice the problem of the thing-in-itself. It can be witnessed in the most famous book of this current, that is in Kant und die Epigonen by O. Liebmann. The outcome of the presented discussion is that Neo-Kantianism did not contribute to a metaphysical interpretation of Kant in the XIXth-century, and the dispute on the understanding of being begins only in 1920s with a publication of the works by Nicolai Hartmann and Martin Heidegger.

2009-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Patočka, Nietzsche and the issue of man

Štefan Jusko

Language: EN | Published: 04-07-2016 | Abstract

In framing a question about meaning of man, respectively human history, Patočka uses a historical-philosophical aspect as well as a phenomenological aspect. By tracking the genesis of the concept of eternity from Kant to the 20th century he concludes, that human meaning cannot be derived from moral postulates which exceed finitness of man. By deleting the concept of eternity Patočka concludes, that the question of meaning cannot be bound by human targets, because filled purpose is already objectified, existing, without the horizon of your being and in this its takes the form of a relative meaning. The meaning, according to Patočka is phenomenologically bound to being, which is non-objective, implying that the meaning is problematic, unreal, yet constantly perpetuated. This attitude has served Patočka to the criticism of nihilism and in it especially to the unacceptability of active nihilism, the concept which Nietzsche introduced into the philosophy. Patočka transferred a critique of Nietzsche´s understanding of realized meaning in terms of superman by rejection of his idea of will to power (he understood it in the definition of gross and ruthless animal life, namely in the form of the highest being) and the doubtful idea of eternal return. Patočka with his attitude to Nietzsche only echoed the opinion presented by Heidegger, which called Nietzsche the consummator of modern subjectivity.In terms of the present (Kouba) it shows, that phenomenology will profit more if it converts both Nietzsche´s thoughts to its own area and use them in the analysis of situational meaning that is constantly (by contradiction) bound to the horizon of possibility of the situation without a sense – that is in meaningful situation suppressed, not realized, but its validity and consistency with the horizon of meaning does not lose. In this view, it appears that Nietzsche´s understanding of the meaning is also problematic, but this problematic natureis not bound to absolute meaning.

2016-07-04



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Ontologiczny dowód na istnienie Boga Immanuel Kant i Anzelm z Canterbury

Jacek Surzyn

Language: PL | Published: 09-05-2018 | Abstract

The paper concerns Immanuel Kant’s view on ontological argument for the existence of God by Anselm of Canterbury. Arguing from his critical philosophy, Kant remains sceptical about the possibility of proving the very existence of God, which he takes as only the idea (ideal) of pure reason. Seen along such lines the concept of God cannot be verified in the matter of experience. Kant’s critique was based on refutation of speculative character of theological speculation related to the tradition of natural (rational) theology. From this point of view he takes it as impossible to derive a priori the real existence of subject merely on the basis of taking it as the greatest thing that can be conceived, that is the best thing that might exist. The idea of the highest being has in Kant merely intellectual status, that is, it has it source in (pure) reason only and in this sense its real existence cannot be subject of analysis (scrutiny). Interestingly, what Kant has in mind in his critique of ontological argument (besides other arguments) is Descartes’ argument which is to an important degree different from the one by Anselm. In this paper similarities and differences between Kant’s refutation and Anselm’s support of the ontological argument are discussed.

2018-05-09



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Disputes over critical philosophy in the late stage of Polish positivism

Barbara Szotek

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2005 | Abstract | pp. 125-139

In the article the author presents philosophical disputes and discussions which took place in the second half of the 19th century and concerned the critical understanding of philosophy. It was characteristic of the so-called critical stage of Polish positivism that the problem of scientific and critical nature of philosophy was tackled by both supporters and opponents of positivism. Their opinion on critical philosophy included neither full approval nor strong disapproval. The author also tries to prove that the philosophy of Immanuel Kant complied with the same rules.

2005-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

The debate on the method of philosophy at the turn of XX century

Andrzej J. Noras

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2011 | Abstract | pp. 111-151

The starting point of the analysis provided in this paper is a discussion of how philosophical method is understood by Leonard Nelson who draws upon the lines of Jakob Friedrich Fries. From this perspective Nelson points out two ways of argumentation, two methods or standpoints: metaphysical and anthropological, objective- one and subjective-one, critical and genetic, epistemological and psychological or transcendental and psychological. These distinctions find their justification in concepts by philosophers with which Nelson polimicizes defending Fries’ standpoint: Kuno Fischer, Paul Natorp, Wilhelm Windelband, Carl Stumpf and Max Scheler. On the ground of analysis of their conceptions Nelson argues that admittedly they follow Kant, yet Kant - unlike Fries - has not included the psychological aspect of cognition.

2011-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Hans Wagner as Neo-Neo-Kantian

Alicja Pietras

Language: PL | Published: 24-05-2018 | Abstract

The aim of the paper is to briefly present the philosophy of Hans Wagner (1917-2000) as belonging to the last phase of the development of the German transcendental philosophy. Hans Wagner’s philosophy is presented as an attempt to synthesize earlier positions developed on the basis of this tradition, namely the synthesis of: (a) neo-Kantianism with post-neo-Kantianism, (b) Kant's philosophy with Hegel's philosophy, (c) neo-Kantian transcendentalism with Husserl's transcendentalism, (d) the philosophy of transcendental subject (Kant, neo-Kantianism, phenomenology) with the philosophy of empirical subject (Hönigswald, Heidegger, Sartre). The main theoretical figure of Hans Wagner’s philosophy is the problem of two aspects of human thinking: its absoluteness and finiteness. According to Wagner development of the philosophical reflection, which we can observe on the example of the evolution of - originating from Kant - transcendental philosophy, leads to an explanation of the possibility to reconcile these two aspects of human thinking, and thus to answer the very question: how is it possible that our thinking can be both absolute and finished, and what are the consequences of this fact for the status of all cultural products of human thinking, such as: science, morality or law.

2018-05-24



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Object and method in Immanuel Kat's philosophy

Andrzej J. Noras

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2002 | Abstract | pp. 199-209

Kant’s reflection on the essence of transcendentalism was accompanied not only by his awareness of the novelty of his stance, but also by a methodological awareness that manifested itself in his preoccupation with the method and idea of philosophy. This preoccupation can be seen in his taking up such problems with great prudence, and avoiding ultimate solutions. Kant, being fully aware of the novelty of his stance, did not want to close the discussion on the idea and methods of philosophy, the discussion that has been going on since his time to the present day (in the 20th c. particularly within neo-Kantianism and Phenomenology).

2002-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Immanuel Kant’s Critical Philosophy and Hermann Cohen’s Neo-Kantianism in Stanisław Leopold Brzozowski’s Reflection

Anna Agnieszka Musioł

Language: PL | Published: 24-12-2018 | Abstract

In the article, I want to describe the place of Immanuel Kant and Hermann Cohen’s Neo-Kantianism in the thought of Stanisław L. Brzozowski philosophy. So the critical image of philosophy is showing the project of Kant, so the concept of Cohen is — how Brzozowski thinks — with an expression of truly independent reflection. In the system of Cohen, author Legenda Młodej Polski…, a tendency to intellectual initiative free from positivist and modernist restrictions notices. How the history of philosophy is showing, both favored German classics of transcendental method, freedoms treat the criticism as a contemporary concept and innovative original thought. Meanwhile, for Brzozowski, criticism is an opportunity for including the philosophy of Kant into the form of the summons to the creative bravery, and it all at the same time is also Marburg doctrine, in accordance which is an existence missing apart from becoming eternal and ceaseless (eternal fieri).

2018-12-24



Journal: Folia Philosophica

The a priori dimension of the philosophy of culture in the perspective of Ernst Cassirer’s new humanism

Anna Musioł

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2009 | Abstract | pp. 179-193

Ernst Cassirer is nowadays thought to be one of the most distinguished representatives of Marburg School of Neo-Kantianism created mainly by Cohen and Natorp, in which not only the return but also going over Kant’s thought is called for. Neo-Kantianism leaves its mark especially on the first period of Cassirer’s philosophical activity, in which the a priori form along with the categories of mind determine the active character of mind and thus inform Cassirer’s analytical method. His convictions are confirmed by one-sided, rooted in Kant and Cohen, interpretation of the gnoseology, which depicts insufficiency of human mind and thus the necessity of not only logical structures of thinking, but also entirety of human spirit, including its constitutive attributes - motivation, feelings and will - being involved in the process of cognition. Hence, the range of Cassirer’s apriorism, which so far has involved only the activity of human mind, now involves also the emotional sphere of human agent. Inspired by Kant, Cassirer develops the symbolic forms a theory. Hence, it is important to notice the influence of, as Andrzejewski calls it, “the methodology of knowledge of feeling and human interests” taken from Giambattissta Vico, Goethe, Schiller and the Johann G. Herder’s semiotic of soul. And rationalized mathematical sciences appear to be a contribution to the reflection on Kulturwissenschaften, which makes Cassirer one of the anti-naturalists.

2009-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Kant and the horizons of the critical philosophy

Marta Ples

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2008 | Abstract | pp. 399-402

Book review: Questions and Perspectives of Transcendentalism. On the 200th anniversary of Immanuel Kant's death. Ed. A.J. Noras. Katowice: University of Silesia Press, 2006.

2008-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Kant’s Transcendental Philosophy. Marian Massonius’s Approach to Immanuel Kant’s Critical Philosophy

Anna Musioł

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2022 | Abstract | pp. 1-18

In the article, Anna Musioł, by referring to the assumptions of Marian Massonius’s doctoral dissertation and taking into account the assumptions of his several smaller works, considers Massonius’s approach to the Kantian system of critical philosophy. Analyzing, inter alia, the problem of analytical and synthetic judgments, and a priori synthetic judgments, Musioł addresses the issue of the possibility of pure mathematics. She considers the problem of time and space and analyzes the ways of presenting Kantian antinomies and the theory of cognition developed in the context of idealism and realism as well as the realism of time and space. Additionally, Musioł focuses on the problem of Massonius’s moderate agnosticism and his scientific approach to philosophy. Finally, she proposes an answer to the fundamental question, Why did Massonius, like the early neo-Kantist Liebmann in 1865, challenge a return to Kant (Zurück zu Kant!) and advocate as necessary the development of a critical formula of the a priori forms of the mind?

2022-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Our New Neo-Kantianism

Herbert Schnadelbach , Andrzej J. Noras

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2006 | Abstract | pp. 15-33

Herbert Schnädelbach’s article Our New Neo-Kantianism explores the contemporary revival of Neo-Kantianism. He argues that both historical and “new” Neo-Kantianism share an original program of systematic philosophy in the spirit of Kant—positioned between quasi-Hegelian totalitarian claims and naturalistic tendencies, between a scientific orientation and its critique.
In the first section, Schnädelbach outlines the historical background: from Lange and Helmholtz’s physiologism, through Cohen’s logical idealism, to the Baden-Marburg school, showing how early Neo-Kantianism lost its methodological drive and liberal orientation
He then frames contemporary Neo-Kantianism in two perspectives:
1. Methodological – emphasizing that the essence of the new Neo-Kantianism is a form of discourse (the “transcendental turn”), rather than adherence to Kant’s or Hegel’s historical concepts; central is the inquiry into the conditions of possibility and understandability of validity claims (Geltungsfragen).
2.Thematic – highlighting its ethical-political dimension: Neo-Kantianism rejects the utopia of reconciliation in favor of a perspective of finitude, combining an innate liberalism with reflection on freedom and fallibility of practical reason.
In conclusion, Schnädelbach contends that new Neo-Kantianism is a historical fact of our present age—both a challenge and an inspiration to continue asking, “in Kant’s spirit,” about the limits of reason and the possibilities of philosophy amid the linguistic turn and hermeneutic pluralism.

2006-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Kant’s systemic reception in the thought of the contemporary Russian philosopher Leonard A. Kalinnikov

Pylyp Bilyi

Language: PL | Published: 29-01-2021 | Abstract | pp. 1-17

The purpose of this article is to present the views of the Russian philosopher Leonard Alexandrovich Kalinnikov on Kant’s philosophy. This article demonstrates one of the important aspects thinks Kaliningrad resident, namely the rules interpretation system of Kant. The article consists of three parts, the first presents a brief biography of the Russian thinker, the second presents ten rules, without which the thoughts of Kalinnikov can not do any decent system researcher Kant, the third contains conclusions.
This reception is based on an earlier esoteric-teleological assumption about the whole system. Kant’s System, according to Kalinnikov, must be reconstructed and presented on the basis of three Critiques, which organically contain internal rules for their interpretation. As a final of the nine principles of interpretation, Kalinnikov proposes one universal principle of the unity of the world. This principle consists in the monistic reading of the question about human, which is intended to encapsulate the system in its entirety as a world of phenomena, things-in-themselves, and their human mediator.

2021-01-29



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Neokrytyczna gnoseologia szkoły marburskiej Ujęcie Paula Natorpa

Anna Agnieszka Musioł

Language: PL | Published: 09-05-2018 | Abstract

The paper presents epistemological project of philosophy by Paul Natorp in the context of Marburg School of neo-Kantianism. I take into account not only intellectual atmosphere of the department of philosophy at the University of Marburg, but also its influence on the character of Natorp’s works, changing characteristics of his presuppositions-hypotheses and the way of argumentation for them. Paying attention to strong influence of Immanuel Kant, and especially his transcendental logic, I disclose the differences emerging between Natorp’s programme of philosophy and the rules of neo-Kantianism set originally by Hermann Cohen.

2018-05-09



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Self-determination as a will? Hegel’s doctrine of free spirit and the fundamental axiotic relationship of transcendental philosophy to Kantianism

Christian Krijnen , Tomasz Kubalica

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2011 | Abstract | pp. 67-108

The problem of social ontology in relation to the philosophy of German idealism requires a systematic settlement on the ground of this tradition, which would be also directed against the background of ‘transcendental philosophies of Kantianism’. Their doctrine of the fundamental axiotic relationship is understood as a ‘primacy of practical reason’ and ‘unity of theoretical and practical reason’. This essay analyzes how the fundamental axiotic relationship is understood in Hegel’s philosophy. On the one hand Hegel was aware of the need of overcoming the traditional opposition between theoretical and practical reason, but on the other side he included it in his work.

2011-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

A transcendental a priori and the problem of its historicisation

Hubert T. Mikołajczyk

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2007 | Abstract | pp. 128-150

In this article, I raise the issue of revisiting Immanuel Kant’s transcendental consciousness from the perspective of its hermeneutic application. Referring to the issue of a priori historicisation, I address the problem of the history of understanding, which I consider the main motive of a hermeneutic thinking. Thus, I analyse the structure of historical experience, as important to Wilhelm Dilthey and George Misch as to Hans-George Gadamer. Claiming, at the same time, that the main problem connected with it concerns the application of the category of understanding and interpretation in a wide range of historical inquiries, I show the consequences of the adaptation of transcendentalism to cultural studies. Therefore, contrasting historical consciousness to both a formal axiology by Heinrich Rickert, methodology of humanistic science by Dilthey, as well as a speculative historiosophy by Hegel, I prove that a perspectivitc thinking by Friedrich Nietzsche, contaminated by the maniersm of historicism, and used later on, among others, by Martin Heidegger, Gadamer and Gianni Vattimo, in his case to present the conception of “weak onthology”, constitutes a specific type of the opening of transcendentalism to the history. Just this opening, in a long chain of posttranscendental thinking I treat as an expression of the historicisation of Kant’s critical consciousness.

2007-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Gerold Prauss’s critique of cognition taken as reflection

Tomasz Kubalica

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2012 | Abstract | pp. 173-193

The paper deals with Gerold Prauss’s critique of cognition taken as reflection of the surrounding reality in the consciousness of the agent (Abbildtheorie). The results of his critique are similar to the standpoint presented earlier by Neo-Kantians (Rickert, Cassirer). Prauss’s original contribution to the debate on theory of reflection consists in distinction between materialistic and non-materialistic theories of reflection, as well as in his argumentation basing on the notion of clarity (Deutlichkeit).

2012-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Kant a wiek dwudziesty

Julius Ebbinghaus

Language: PL | Published: 28-04-2018 | Abstract

Kant und das 20.Jahrhundert

2018-04-28



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Emil Lask. W stulecie śmierci

Andrzej J. Noras

Language: PL | Published: 26-04-2018 | Abstract

The present article concentrates on depicting the main elements of Emil Lask’s philosophy, a distinguished Neo-Kantianist who, simultaneously, may be regarded as Heidegger’s teacher. The meaning of Lask’s work comes down to several issues, although in this article two of them have been emphasised: first, Kant should not be read in the light of Fichte’s philosophy; second, in Lask’s philosophy the primacy of practical reason in logic, characteristic for the Baden Neo-Kantianism, is questioned. In Lask’s understanding, the logic of philosophy which is the critical theory of cognition derives from the critical consideration over the Baden Neo-Kantianism.

2018-04-26



Journal: Folia Philosophica

An Otfried Höffe’s coneption of a just state

Zdzisław Kieliszek

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2007 | Abstract | pp. 246-271

In this article, I present Höffe’s analyses, the most important consequence of which is his claim that the best form of a just state at the present civilisational stage is a democratic state of law. Before Höffe makes a claim like that, he places his considerations in a historical-philosophical context of a discussion on the theory of a just state (Plato’s, Aristotles’, Hobbes’ and Kant’s conceptions, and ideas of a political-legal positivism are quoted), as well as contemporary controversies evoked by the necessity of the existence of state as such (anarchism is cited at this point). It is necessary to present this context because it makes it easier to understand the way leading Höffe to the acceptance of a democratic state of law as a just system. The first part of the article is devoted to this issue. In the second part, I explain the most important anthropological-ethical fundaments on which Höffe bases his theory of a just state. Among them, the most significant seems to be an indication that man is a rational and combative creature by nature, and it is only the theory of a just exchange that helps to justify an obligatory character of basic human rights (Höffe calls them “basic human interests”). The third part shows the way Höffe authorizes the necessity of the existence of the state as such, as well as search for a certain form of a just state, which ends with the perception of a democratic state of law as a just system.

2007-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Karl R. Popper's anti-psychologism

Wojciech Słomski

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2001 | Abstract | pp. 191-207

The author of the paper discusses Popper’s theory which he himself called “the theory of three worlds”. He tries to establish whether this conception can be treated as a tool of explanation of the essence of human cognition. In order to realise the task undertaken, the author assumes that this theory should not be treated either too strictly or too literally. He points out the difficulties resulting from a too consequent and too rigorous treatment of Popper’s theory. He simultaneously defines reasons for which Popper himself treated the conception of three worlds as a comfortable and useful metaphor rather than as a scientific theory. In his further considerations the author attempts to show the similarities and differences between Poppers theory of objective knowledge and I. Kant’s theory of perception as well as between Popper’s conception and A. Tarski’s theory of metalanguage. The author ends his article with showing some similarities between Popper’s theory and Freud's psychoanalysis.

2001-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Metafizyka krytyczna Ottona Liebmanna

Tomasz Kubalica

Language: PL | Published: 28-04-2018 | Abstract

In this paper I analyse the notion of critique, its subject and scope of validity in the context of critical metaphysics of Otto Liebmann. The main argument is preceded by introductory remarks in which historical context and intellectual background of this notion are discussed. The main focus of the paper is on the standpoint of Otto Liebmann, author of curricular for neo-Kantianism "Kant und die Epigonen" (1865), and who — however usually conceived to be forerunner of neo-Kantianism — quite paradoxically takes somehow different position on metaphysics. It is different from so-called late neo-Kantianism which declared itself as opposite to metaphysics. Contrary to this, Liebmann accepted the possibility of metaphysics as a kind of crowning achievement and climax of scientific theories.

2018-04-28



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Marian Massonius's "Crittical Philosophy" in the age of positivism

Barbara Szotek

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2001 | Abstract | pp. 171-184

The article is an attempt at having a closer look - both content-related and historical - at an interesting thought orientation which in 1880s and 1890s in Poland was represented by neo-criticism. One of the representatives of the second stage of the Polish positivism was Marian Massonius - the thinker best “armed with theory” active at that time. For this reason the article contains a proposal of a new, deepened insight into that stage of the shaping of the Polish thought through the prism of the work of Massonius seen not only as the philosopher who was an active participant of the philosophical movement of 1880s and 1890s in Poland, but firs of all one of its creators. In can be maintained that this philosopher was on the one hand a representative of criticism related to Kant though taking independent position, and on the other hand a representative persona of the Polish positivist philosophy. For this reason it seems that the analysis of his output allows for a better and fuller understanding of the epoch of positivism in Poland and especially of its last phase - neocriticism.

2001-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Problem indywidualizmu w Stanisława Brzozowskiego filozofii czynu

Tomasz Tadeusz Brzozowski

Language: PL | Published: 28-04-2018 | Abstract

During Brzozowski’s lifetime, individualism, taken as philosophical standpoint, was one of typical theoretical tools. After the “standing on the edge of a precipice” period in 1901—1903 he was struggling with the cultural crisis, in this time a common experience, hence, the activity of the agent taken as an individual, showed up as a way beyond contemplation, opening the possibility of individual and unlimited acting, which could transform the passive subject into a real creator. Brzozowski’s individualism includes axiological and cultural relativization, which enabled him to link different aspects of Nietzsche’s, Kant’s and Fichte’s theories. This syncretism remained open to some logical difficulties, however, with which Brzozowski struggled to the end of his work. With a critique of naturalism, which he found to be scientific justification of relativism, he drew upon Kant and Fichte and formulated anew the primal standpoint of radical individualism by granting a value-creative character to subjective human thought. This way the individual self makes the world behind it the space of consolidating values.

2018-04-28



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Early phenomenology and the origins of analytic philosophy

Gianfranco Soldati , Dariusz Bęben

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2007 | Abstract | pp. 58-82

The article sets the temporal and theoretical framework of early phenomenology, focusing on Brentano and Husserl, and outlines its shift from psychology to ontology as a pivotal stage leading to the emergence of analytic philosophy. The author emphasizes that both early phenomenology and analytic philosophy were characterized by a pronounced anti-psychologism, with the naturalistic form of anti-psychologism tracing directly back to Brentano’s and Husserl’s phenomenology, distinct from the later transcendental variant. The nineteenth-century debate on the relationship between philosophy and psychology is examined, from Kant’s critique of empirical psychology to Brentano’s descriptive psychology and the development of early phenomenology. In conclusion, Soldati argues that the naturalistic yet philosophical account of consciousness offered by early phenomenologists provided the foundational premises for the birth of analytic philosophy.

2007-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Luck, Ignorance, and Moral Attitude

Piotr Machura

Language: PL | Published: 26-04-2018 | Abstract

Public opinion has it that ethics should be concerned with studying and providing precise and reliable rules of conduct. This view is based in a long philosophical tradition which begins with the Stoics and continues at least to Kant; it is, however, a false view. There are good reasons to turn our attention to these aspects of moral thinking which refer to and emphasize the element of risk and uncertainty. In the article I briefly discuss two of such reasons: the problem of moral luck and the problem of action based on ignorance. Consideration of these two problems leads to the conclusion that the most tricky element in moral thinking is the firm belief of the subject in the truth of the premises on which they base their actions and in the irrelevance of external factors to the assessment of their deeds. In this light I argue that the basic requirement for a moral justification of a particular action is not its conformity to a certain set of rules but the subject’s critical reflection on their course of action. Indeed, what turns an attitude into a moral attitude is an amoral, epistemological factor: criticism and openness to uncertainty.

2018-04-26



Journal: Folia Philosophica

The Problem of the ‘Phenomenological World’ in Husserl’s Philosophy

Jarosław Rolewski

Language: PL | Published: 29-06-2023 | Abstract | pp. 1-12

This paper discusses the notion of the ‘phenomenological world’ and the problems it generates in the ‘hard’ paradigm of Husserl’s phenomenology, such as the lack of universality and intersubjectivity of this world, its closure and privacy, and its being only the personal world of a subject. Also, an attempt was made to show some of the sources of this problematic situation and the impossibility of solving it in a fundamentalist paradigm. It is only in the last period of the development of Husserl’s phenomenology (the so-called period of the Crisis) that these problems find their satisfactory solution.

2023-06-29



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Problem pewności w neokantyzmie Johannesa Volkelta

Tomasz Kubalica

Language: PL | Published: 28-04-2018 | Abstract

The paper is devoted to an analysis of the epistemology of Johannes Volkelt, its main arguments and the relation of Volkelt’s theory of certainty to Kant and other contemporary philosophers, such as Edmund Husserl. Volkelt’s problem of scepticism is closely related to the positivist principle, which aimed at limiting all knowledge to our individual sphere of representations. This principle in Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason means the unknowableness of the thing in itself. Volkelt seeks for answer to the question about the trans-subjective knowledge. He finds a basis for the certainty in the dispresuppositional theory of the transsubjective minimum. The acceptance of the trans-subjective minimum determines too the possibility of metaphysics.

2018-04-28



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Postcartesian metaphysics and an axiologic review of Kantian transcendentalism

Hubert T. Mikołajczyk

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2006 | Abstract | pp. 107-130

The analysis of the issue of modern metaphysics has shown the need to formulate the basics of philosophy, reducing Cartesian methodological cogito to Leibniz's monadological cogito as a means to eliminate the difference between Sein and Sollen. Emphasising this fact, Fichtean Wissenschaftslehre has been pointed out, presenting, at the same time, its connections to Badenian Neo-kantism, for which the question on the sense of an axiologic correction made by Kant and its openness of transcendentalism to the problem of history has become important. Treating this question as especially important for understanding Windelband and Rickert programme of idiographic science, it has been suggested that it is similar to the attempts made to approach Kantian philosophy in a way of the hermeneutic stage of reform.

2006-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Różne znaczenia szkoły w filozofii a neokantyzm Leonarda Nelsona

Tomasz Kubalica

Language: PL | Published: 26-04-2018 | Abstract

The theme of the text is the interpretation of the philosophy of Leonard Nelson (1882—1927) and his place in the history of philosophy. The author asks whether his philosophy should be classified as Neo-Kantianism or outside its borders? In response to this question the author has developed his own instruments. On the one hand, he tried to determine the concept of Neo-Kantianism and thus, Fries’s reference to Kant; on the other hand, he applied the four-point scale for the classification of different philosophy communities and, in particular, the concept of philosophical school. In the light of these assumptions he has classified Nelson’s philosophy as psychological Neo-Kantianism.

2018-04-26