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Journal: Folia Philosophica

Self-determination as a will? Hegel’s doctrine of free spirit and the fundamental axiotic relationship of transcendental philosophy to Kantianism

Christian Krijnen , Tomasz Kubalica

Published: 31-12-2011 | Abstract | pp. 67-108

The problem of social ontology in relation to the philosophy of German idealism requires a systematic settlement on the ground of this tradition, which would be also directed against the background of ‘transcendental philosophies of Kantianism’. Their doctrine of the fundamental axiotic relationship is understood as a ‘primacy of practical reason’ and ‘unity of theoretical and practical reason’. This essay analyzes how the fundamental axiotic relationship is understood in Hegel’s philosophy. On the one hand Hegel was aware of the need of overcoming the traditional opposition between theoretical and practical reason, but on the other side he included it in his work.

2011-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Idealizm a sceptycyzm

Kurt Walter Zeidler

Published: 26-04-2018 | Abstract

The text refers to an interesting, since ancient and important, epistemological problem of justification of our beliefs, and in particular, the so-called final justification. To the recent methodological and epistemological literature, for example, the so-called Münchhausen trilemma of Hans Albert is known. The author argues that this trilemma can be found already in the ancient philosophy, with which the question of the effectiveness of a dispute with skepticism is connected. The most interesting and original is the view of the relationship between idealism and skepticism from the perspective of history of philosophy, philosophy of science and transcendental philosophy.

2018-04-26



Journal: Folia Philosophica

History as the subject of philosophical studies. On a critical-historical method of Léon Brunschvicg

Marta Ples

Published: 31-12-2007 | Abstract | pp. 272-283

A critical-historical method proposed by Léon Brunschvicg is based on the assumption, according to which the subject of analysis should constitute recorded in history acts of human thought. Thus, the history of science is, according to the thinker, the only source of the knowledge in our cognition, whereas an identification of the conditions of capacity and cognition limits constitutes, in accordance with the assumptions of Brunschvicg’s critical idealism, a fundamental task of philosophy. An interpretation of the history of thoughts as an appropriate subject of a philosophical reflection is connected with numerous difficulties deriving from the incongruence of the rational and historical. The attempts the philosophers made to combine these two orders lead inevitably to a reduction of one them. Brunschvicg’s conception is also connected with numerous difficulties, which is reflected in numerous polemic opinions on this philosophical conception, as well as the method worked out on its basis.

2007-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Husserl a problem istnienia świata

Piotr Łaciak

Published: 26-04-2018 | Abstract

In my paper I discuss Husserl’s standpoint on the existence of world. Addressing this issue the philosopher thinks of the kind of being, outer of consciousness, which is realized in the general thesis of natural attitude. The aim of phenomenological research is to reveal correlation of consciousness and the world, which according to Husserl, becomes transcendental constitution. In the course of explaining this correlation Husserl reveals that the existence of world might be recognized as a correlate of the general thesis of natural attitude, which after phenomenological reduction becomes recognised as the constitutive achievement of consciousness. Transcendental idealism is interpreted in the paper as transcendental monism. Husserl not only questions the possibility of non-cognizable things-in-themselves, but also he uses some broad concept of transcendental subjectivity. The transcendental subjectivity is not opposed to the world, but it includes the world as the subjectivity’s correlate. Strictly speaking, the world is conceived as structure transcendental subjectivity, and the natural attitude might be taken as anonymous modus of transcendental life.

2018-04-26



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Illationism or immediatism? The debate on the neoscholastic conception of realism in Criteriology by Desire Mercier

Aleksander Bańka

Published: 31-12-2006 | Abstract | pp. 131-158

The beginning of the XX-th century was marked by a far-famed philosophical discussion focused on the question of realism. The debate revealed the differences in the interpretation of a certain excerpt of Criteriology - the main work of cardinal Desire Mercier. The major contribution to the debates was that of Etienne Gilson, viewing the problem from the perspective of methodical realism, and Leon Noel, a disciple of cardinal Mercier, who took the standpoint of the immediate, critical realism. While Gilson claims that Mercier's approach is definitively an indirect realism, and consequently, a Cartesian type of illationism, Noel argues that Mercier is an immediate realist, and his conception is based not on illation but on immediatism. The critical analysis of Mercier's conception supports the opinion represented by Noel. The difficulties reported by Gilson can be solved by introducing the opposition between the classical notion of substance and Kantian “thing in itself” which can be found in Criteriology. Thus, the position taken by Mercier is definitely realistic and can be evaluated as an important voice in the dispute concerning not only contemporary varieties of idealism, but also different trends in realistic philosophy.

2006-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Our New Neo-Kantianism

Herbert Schnadelbach , Andrzej J. Noras

Published: 31-12-2006 | Abstract | pp. 15-33

Herbert Schnädelbach’s article Our New Neo-Kantianism explores the contemporary revival of Neo-Kantianism. He argues that both historical and “new” Neo-Kantianism share an original program of systematic philosophy in the spirit of Kant—positioned between quasi-Hegelian totalitarian claims and naturalistic tendencies, between a scientific orientation and its critique.
In the first section, Schnädelbach outlines the historical background: from Lange and Helmholtz’s physiologism, through Cohen’s logical idealism, to the Baden-Marburg school, showing how early Neo-Kantianism lost its methodological drive and liberal orientation
He then frames contemporary Neo-Kantianism in two perspectives:
1. Methodological – emphasizing that the essence of the new Neo-Kantianism is a form of discourse (the “transcendental turn”), rather than adherence to Kant’s or Hegel’s historical concepts; central is the inquiry into the conditions of possibility and understandability of validity claims (Geltungsfragen).
2.Thematic – highlighting its ethical-political dimension: Neo-Kantianism rejects the utopia of reconciliation in favor of a perspective of finitude, combining an innate liberalism with reflection on freedom and fallibility of practical reason.
In conclusion, Schnädelbach contends that new Neo-Kantianism is a historical fact of our present age—both a challenge and an inspiration to continue asking, “in Kant’s spirit,” about the limits of reason and the possibilities of philosophy amid the linguistic turn and hermeneutic pluralism.

2006-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Kant, Herder and Anthropology

Peter Kyslan

Published: 31-12-2024 | Abstract | pp. 1-16

This study explores the philosophical contributions of Immanuel Kant and Johann Gottfried Herder to the field of cultural anthropology. It examines Kant’s idealism and transcendentalism, which provided a universal perspective on culture and influenced various anthropological concepts. The research addresses the criticisms of Kant’s views on race and gender, highlighting the evolution of his thoughts in response to emerging scientific disciplines. Additionally, the study delves into Herder’s role in shaping modern cultural studies, emphasizing his opposition to Enlightenment universalism and his introduction of cultural relativism. Herder’s ideas on the uniqueness and dignity of different cultures are analyzed, illustrating their impact on the development of cultural anthropology. The paper concludes with the discussion of the ongoing relevance of Kant’s and Herder’s philosophies in contemporary anthropological discourse.

2024-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

The project of ontological phenomenology

Dariusz Bęben

Published: 31-12-2003 | Abstract | pp. 157-165

The article presents an outline of the philosophical opinions of Adolf Reinach (1883-1917). The branch of phenomenology, besides Husserl’s transcendental and Heidegger’s existential one, that has been recently the most systematically developed is the ontological phenomenology represented by Husserl’s Munich and Göttingen students. The most outstanding representative of ontological phenomenology was Adolf Reinach. His project of common ontology was clearly motivated by Husserl’s idealism and his conception of the state of affairs, i.e. the material state a priori, became the foundation of modern ontology.

2003-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Kant’s Transcendental Philosophy. Marian Massonius’s Approach to Immanuel Kant’s Critical Philosophy

Anna Musioł

Published: 31-12-2022 | Abstract | pp. 1-18

In the article, Anna Musioł, by referring to the assumptions of Marian Massonius’s doctoral dissertation and taking into account the assumptions of his several smaller works, considers Massonius’s approach to the Kantian system of critical philosophy. Analyzing, inter alia, the problem of analytical and synthetic judgments, and a priori synthetic judgments, Musioł addresses the issue of the possibility of pure mathematics. She considers the problem of time and space and analyzes the ways of presenting Kantian antinomies and the theory of cognition developed in the context of idealism and realism as well as the realism of time and space. Additionally, Musioł focuses on the problem of Massonius’s moderate agnosticism and his scientific approach to philosophy. Finally, she proposes an answer to the fundamental question, Why did Massonius, like the early neo-Kantist Liebmann in 1865, challenge a return to Kant (Zurück zu Kant!) and advocate as necessary the development of a critical formula of the a priori forms of the mind?

2022-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Karol Libelt’s idea of Slavic philosophy

Tomasz Tadeusz Brzozowski

Published: 31-12-2009 | Abstract | pp. 79-96

The paper discusses Karol Libelt’s critique of Hegel’s thought from the perspective of his own standpoint in which he tries to sustain the idea of the immorality of soul and personality of the spirit. In the latter part presuppositions of the idea of Slavic philosophy are presented. Most systematically Libelt has presented his ideas in Samowładztwo rozumu i objawy filozofii słowiańskiej, hence the paper is mostly based on this book. Libelt’s conception was rooted in the critiques of theoretical philosophies, which he finds to be concerned primarily with “the autocracy of reason”. And his critique was directed towards the speculative character of this kind of philosophy. By putting forward the postulate of creation of a new philosophy rooted in act, practicality and activity of agent, Libelt appears as a Slavophil. And he proposes slavophilism as an alternative for speculative character of Hegelian philosophy and its panlogism. The essence of Slavic philosophy, according to Libelt, is the act in which the entirety of the spirit, originated in the act of the will of knowledge and thought, is being revealed.

2009-12-31



Journal: Folia Philosophica

Creativity and Dynamism contra Idealism Imagination in Anna Teresa Tymieniecka’s Concept of Phenomenology of Life

Magdalena Mruszczyk

Published: 11-07-2017 | Abstract

Anna Teresa Tymieniecka’s (1923—2014) concept of phenomenology of life appears as a cosmological perspective of the development of phenomenology in general. Although Polish philosopher elaborated this conception in polemic with Edmund Husserl’s phenomenological view and in co-operation with the natural sciences, she tried to keep all the gains of classical phenomenology. Ultimately, she subjected the transcendental consciousness to verification, pointing its stability as a result of the intentionality of cognition, which Husserl considered as the constitutive function of the subject. By changing the perspective, Tymieniecka was striving to demonstrate that the subject — the living human being — gives the world the sense of meaning and knows it as originally inspired and motivated by his imagination. Therefore, the
creative imagination — Imaginatuio Creatrix — should be established as a dynamic source of the constitution of the human world.

2017-07-11



Journal: Folia Philosophica

A Fichtean conception of transcendental ego and its influence on the philosophy of action by Stanisław Brzozowski

Tomasz Tadeusz Brzozowski

Published: 31-12-2008 | Abstract | pp. 157-169

The article touches upon the philosophical output by Stanisław Brzozowski, referred to as the period of „the fight for a viewpoint” between 1904 and 1905 when Brzozowski was in a strong opposition to a positivist naturalism, showing it in a study A monistic understanding of history and article Spencer’s ethics from 1904. Brzozowski, in the beginning a propagator of Nietzsche’s philosophy, quickly realized that the idea of the author of Also sprach Zarathustra is based on the critique and diagnosis of a social life condition of that time, and does not show any constructive suggestion to change it. Nietzsche’s search lacked in an objective and commonly acceptable theoretical foundation which would eliminate the relativist moment. Looking for the principle of the ethic certainty for an individual aware of its ontological importance, as the centre of senso-creative activity, referred to the ideas ascribed to the creator of a subjective idealism - a transcendental ego for which the sphere of the beyond-subjective world became the subject of our moral obligation. Seeing in man an active subject expressed in an unhampered and free action, Brzozowski made it responsible and introducing to the world the values early established in it. As the subject of moral activity, an individual makes valuations within an eternal world, giving it a moral shape through a given action. At that time Brzozowski made an analysis of primary world, reason, and moral obligation actions of an absolute I which was the main part of Fichtean speculations.

2008-12-31