It is well known that some of the most important problems of translation concern differences in socio-cultural matters proper to the communities whose languages are to be translated, as well as socio-cultural aspects which are different in each of the communities or which do not exist in one of them. These socio-cultural aspects, evident at different levels of language, are reflected in the many ways in which speakers of distinct languages perceive reality. For this reason analysis of the aspects of translation - which is required when translating a text and which is linked to socio-cultural matters - could give us an insight into the way the world is perceived by speakers of the language of the text to be translated. This paper presents a number of problems in Polish-Spanish and Spanish-Polish translation and clearly presents a number of traits - relating to the perception of the world - which are specific to Spanish speakers, but different to those of speakers of Polish.