The article presents Atanazy Raczyński’s research on Portuguese art against the modernization and Europeanisation processes in Portugal in the 19th century. A specific view of Portuguese artistic heritage and openly expressed critical opinions of the Polish scholar made him a controversial figure, which paradoxically contributed to the importance and resonance of his work. Discouraged by the conflict, Raczyński did not complete his final synthesis. Nevertheless his letters to the Art Society in Berlin, as well as a dictionary of the artists, initiated history of art (regarded as a scientific discipline) in Portugal.