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Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Kilka uwag o potrzebie zachowania spójności pomiędzy prawem karnym a innymi dziedzinami prawa

Anna Jaworska-Wieloch

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 27-12-2018 | Abstrakt | s. 27-42

The principle of subsidiarity of criminal law requires the location of the norms which regulate specific social relations beyond the branch of law which was adduced. On the one hand, it enables the realisation of the postulate, peculiar to the system of repressive law, to place the rules of conduct and the norms which regulate specific relations beyond criminal law. On the one hand, the intervention with criminalisation into relations regulated by other branches of law should enforce a significant synchronisation of the regulations of criminal law with the norms which are peculiar to a given branch of law. A legal system which features co-relations should represent consistency. As a result, the criminalisation of behaviour regulated by other branches of law deepens the connotations between them. The enracinement of legal regulations into an increasing number of new areas is the source of doubts associated with the lack of consistency between the particular regulations or, in the case of a strong drive of the criminal law to inscribe itself into legal norms which regulate a given sphere of life, to the negation of the capability of the criminal law to acquire functions which are set to this branch of law. On the basis of selected examples, the article attempts to reflect upon the legislator’s maintenance of the balance between these values.

2018-12-27



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Wyznaczanie składu orzekającego w sprawach karnych

Zbigniew Kwiatkowski

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 27-12-2018 | Abstrakt | s. 75-90

The article discusses the problem of the appointment of the adjudicating panel in criminal cases. The currently binding Code of criminal procedure introduced relevant regulations in reference to this question in Art. 351, which stipulates the following: § 1A judge or judges called on to hear the case shall be designated in line with the sequence of the cases submitted, from a roll of judges of the given court or department, known to the parties. Deviation from this rule is only allowed in the event of a judge’s illness or other important obstacle, which should be noted in the order designating the date of hearing. § 2 When an indictment includes a charge for a crime carrying a penalty of 25 years of deprivation of liberty or a life imprisonment, designation of the panel to hear the case shall, on a motion from the defence counsel or state prosecutor, be carried out by drawing lots at which they shall have a right to be present. The state prosecutor may bring the motion not later than within 7 days after the submission of the indictment, and a defence counsel, within 7 days from when the indictment was served on him. § 3 constitutes act-of-law delegation for the minister of justice for the issuing of the regulation in order to determine the detailed principles of designating the panel to hear cases by drawing lots. Such a regulation was issued on 2 June 2003 r. (Dz.U. of 2003, No 107, item no. 1007). The regulation which was quoted was developed with article 1 point 81 of the act of law issued on 11 March 2016 about the change of the act of law – the Code of the criminal procedure and some other acts of law (Dz. U. of 2016, Item no. 437), but in reality it did not come into force at all, for it was derogated with Article 4 point 1 of the act of law issued on 12 July 2017 about the change of the act of law – The law on the system of common courts and some other acts of law (Dz. U. of 2017, Item no. 1452). On the basis of Art. 41 Par. 1 of the act of law issued on 27 July 2001 – The law on the system of common courts in reference to Art. 20 of the aforementioned act of law issued on 12 July 2017 which amended the law on the system of common courts. The Minister of Justice, by issuing a regulation on 28 December 2017, changed the theretofore binding rules and regulations concerning the operation of common courts (Dz. U. of 2017, Item no. 2481) and determined therein the comprehensive rules as to the allocation of cases to the particular judges by drawing lots, the classification of cases into the particular categories and the principles of the establishment of multi-person panels.

2018-12-27



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

„Owoce zatrutego drzewa” z perspektywy oskarżyciela publicznego w aspekcie konstytucyjnych podstaw procesu karnego

Mariusz Krasoń

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 27-12-2018 | Abstrakt | s. 61-74

The problems of the so-called poisonous tree in the course of the preliminary legal proceedings appear and continue to appear basically in every individual instance of the evaluation of the body of evidence submitted to the public prosecutor’s department. The task of the public prosecutor’s department has to do inter alia with the keeping of law and order and the supervision of the prosecution of crime. This task is realised by the supervision of the consistency of the preliminary legal proceedings with the law, and the initialisation and the performance of operational-examination activities by law enforcement organs in the scope of activities which is stipulated in the acts of law which regulate the organisation and the object of activities of these organs. The supervision which was indicated should be realised in an in-depth, comprehensive and substantive manner. Within the framework of the evaluation of the activities engaged by other organs, inluding those that are authorised to execute and conduct operation-related activities, the public prosecutor is obliged to evaluate the correctness of the process of the accumulation of evidence and the making of decisions in terms of the scope and the means of utilising the said evidence. Such control may and should be conducted with reference to the constitutional principles, described particularly in Art. 2 – the principle of a democratic state of law, Art. 7 – the principle of legalism, Art. 45 Par. 1 – the principle of the right to a trial and the resulting principle of the right to due process. The regulations of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland have not been modified since 1997, therefore with the changed state of the regulations of the Code of Criminal Law (the addition of new regulations in Art. 168 a and b ) or the competence-related acts of law, it is still possible to interpret these regulation in terms of the constitutional norms which were indicated. The new content which was introduced to the code of criminal procedure is a source of serious constitution-related doubts, and the evaluation of the material which was submitted to be treated during criminal proceedings may lead to statements that the very fact of having acquired a piece of evidence with the violation of regulations or by means of a criminal offense and the simultaneous violation of the regulations of the Constitutions is sufficient to preclude the utilisation of a given piece of evidence in these legal proceedings and to preclude the establishment of the actual state of affairs on the basis of such a piece of evidence. It is impossible to accept a situation in which the functionaries of the state, i.e. of public authorities, can collect evidence-related material in violation of the law which is binding and it is in keeping with the law that, on the basis of this material, citizens may
bear criminal responsibility.

2018-12-27



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Stosowanie tymczasowego aresztowania względem członka zorganizowanej grupy przestępczej w kontekście prawa jednostki do wolności

Katarzyna Skoczylas-Wardzyńska

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 30-10-2020 | Abstrakt | s. 181-196

The article analyses grounds for application of pretrial detention in respect of individuals who have been charged with the criminal offence of participation in an organised criminal group or with participation in an organised criminal association aiming at committing a criminal offence. The paper addresses two presumptions: 1) the presumption of fear that a suspect or the accused shall obstruct criminal proceedings because of their participation in an organised criminal group; 2) the presumption that the suspect or accused shall attempt to obstruct the proper conduct of the proceedings because of the threat that they will be severely punished. The author tries to answer the question whether the presumptions underlying application of pretrial detention at the early stages of criminal proceedings are sufficient for extension of pretrial detention. This is particularly important given the fact that these presumptions operate in schemes which might raise fears that orders of pretrial detention are used as an element of criminal policy against criminal groups. It must be noted that application of pretrial detention enters the sensitive realm of human rights and civil liberties. On the other hand, a failure to apply pretrial detention makes it difficult or even impossible for law enforcement authorities to effectively break up criminal networks and prevent them resurfacing. The fight of law enforcement authorities against organised crime requires application of adequate custodial and non-custodial measures by criminal justice system but is connected with a need to respect personal freedom guaranteed by the Polish Constitution and international treaties.

2020-10-30



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

„Osoba podejrzana”, „podejrzany” i „oskarżony” w polskim procesie karnym – zakres pojęciowy

Mariusz Kucharczyk

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 10-12-2017 | Abstrakt | s. 133-171

The subject of this article is nomenclatural interpretation of the notions of “a person of interest”, “a suspect” and “a defendant” in Polish Code of Criminal
Procedure – the parties in criminal proceedings who are suspected of committing a crime or who are charged with a crime. The article discusses the legal definitions of the word “suspect” according to Article 71 § 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (i.e. a person against whom a statement of objections has been issued and a person who has been charged on the grounds of examination of the person in question as a suspect) as well as the word “defendant” according to Article 71 § 2 and 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (sensu stricto and sensu largo). Moreover, the article provides an overview of the available
definitions of “a suspect” and “a person of interest” – parties named directly in the Code of Criminal Procedure. In addition to that, the article discusses the notion of “actual suspect” (whose definition and understanding varies in the doctrine), which emerged from the previously effective Code of Criminal Procedure. The article analyses the legal standing of such an “actual suspect” in the context of Article 233 § 1a of the Criminal Code (a regulation which is
considered potentially unconstitutional). While discussing the figure of the “suspect”, the author analyzes terms such as “issuing” and “preparation” – in connection with Article 71 § 1 and 313 § 1 of the Criminal Code and the lack of agreement within the discipline regarding the precise time at which the
statement of objections has been issued (which is connected with obtaining the position of the passive party to proceedings in criminal procedure).
Moreover, the article discusses in some detail the legal standing of a person against which a motion has been presented, according to Article 354 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, regarding the discontinuation of proceedings and issuing preventive measures protecting the person of an insane perpetrator – in the context of nomenclature.

2017-12-10



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

“Yes means Yes”. Theoretical dilemmas and new definition of rape and sexual assault in Slovenian Criminal Law

Živa Šuta , Nina Berglez , Miha Šepec

Język: EN | Data publikacji: 19-06-2022 | Abstrakt | s. 1-56

The legislation of crimes against sexual integrity was initially aimed at safeguarding specific interests such as the honour of the father, the family, virginity, and the social security of women. Accordingly, the extent of rape victims was for a long time limited only to women (e.g. under Article 100 of the Criminal Code of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia from 1977, the execution of rape was only possible as immission penis in vaginam). In modern society, legislators seek to protect the self-determination of the individual, sexual and physical integrity, and sexual autonomy. This reversal demonstrates that modern criminal law revolves around the essential question of whether sexual intercourse is engaged in through free choice, that is, autonomously. Domestic legislators have been put under the pressure of media campaigns and controversial case law to modernise criminal law accordingly. In the spirit of the reforms, the Republic of Slovenia in 2021 adopted the amendments of Rape and Sexual Assault in the Criminal Code (KZ-1H) consistent with the affirmative consent model (“yes means yes”).

2022-06-19



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Inflacja normatywna w prawie karnym – rzeczywistość czy złudzenie?

Kazimierz Zgryzek

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 10-12-2017 | Abstrakt | s. 221-235

The author discusses the problem of excessive normative production in Polish legal system on the example of the changes implemented by amending the Code of Criminal Procedure. The article presents the changes implemented in the particular codes of criminal proceedings, starting with the first code of the independent Poland, the Code of 1928, followed by the amendments to that code, which remained in effect until December 31, 1969, as well as modified normative solutions remaining in effect prior to the change of the political and economic system, and concluding with the Code of Criminal Procedure which came into force on September 1, 1998. Such comparative study of the activity of the Polish Parliament between 1928 and 2017 reveals a severe excessive normative production with regard to criminal law in the recent years. The author argues that any normative changes to code regulations should be implemented only once the regulations subject to change have been tested in practice and have undergone an in-depth discussion in all groups that use the modified norms. As a positive example, the author enumerates the efforts of the Codification Commission of the Criminal Law, which resulted in the amendment of September, 2013, and compares it with the procedure of amending the Code of Criminal Procedure in March, 2016.

2017-12-10



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Pozycja pokrzywdzonego na tle przepisów materialnego prawa wykroczeń

Olga Sitarz

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 26-12-2019 | Abstrakt | s. 51-65

The aim of this work is to establish to what extent discrepancies of substantive misdemeanour law (relating to criminal law), which stem from simplification of responsibility rules, impact the position of victim. There are no general rules and principles relating to formation of the position of victim in either criminal law
or misdemeanour law. Only by analysing particular regulations of the both respective codes allows one to reconstruct the status of victim and confronting it on the plain of the two responsibility regimes in question. The said confrontation reveals far-reaching differences within the scope of victim’s position in substantive regulations of misdemeanour law, some of which weaken the victim’s position, while other – strengthen it. Although those differences vary to their weight, yet it seems that regulations restricting the presence of the figure of victim are more significant – they genuinely decrease the competence of a person to whom the harm was made. Amongst the said regulations, first and foremost, have to be counted those that relate to possibility of ruling compensatory penal measures, as well as regulations defining the periods of limitation (aside from other discussed regulations). The assumed dual model of responsibility within this scope, in some cases, compromises the principle of equality before the law enshrined in Article 32 paragraph 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland.

2019-12-26



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Habeas corpus w Polsce oraz w niektórych państwach kręgu common law. Analiza prawnoporównawcza

Przemysław Krawczyk , Bartosz Łukowiak

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 03-11-2021 | Abstrakt | s. 1-30

In their article, Przemysław Krawczyk and Bartosz Łukowiak discuss the issue of the habeas corpus procedure. On the basis of a comparative legal analysis, they present a model of the functioning of this institution in Poland and in selected countries whose legal code is based on common law. Krawczyk and Łukowiak discuss in detail, among other things, the scope and the subject matter of this mode and the catalogue of guarantees associated with it. Their research has made it possible to compare the most important similarities and differences in the functioning of the habeas corpus privilege in the Polish legal code and in common law. This, in turn, has allowed them to assess the accuracy of some of the solutions known to the Polish criminal procedural law. This article contains extensive references to the views expressed on this mode both in the Polish and the Anglo-Saxon doctrine of the procedural criminal law and to the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the United States Supreme Court.

2021-11-03



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Jawność zewnętrzna postępowania przygotowawczego na tle art. 12 ustawy Prawo o prokuraturze

Iwona Wiącek

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 10-12-2017 | Abstrakt | s. 205-219

The aim of the following article is to discuss the issues of the power of the prosecutor to reveal information pertaining to ongoing preparatory proceedings in the light of the new regulations determined by Article 12 of the Act of January 28, 2016, the Law on the Prosecutor’s Office. The aforementioned regulation constitutes an important exception to the general rule of confidentiality of preparatory proceedings, which heavily informs the scope of the analysis. Moreover, the author discusses the relationship between Article 12 of the Law on the Prosecutor’s Office and earlier regulations regarding the revealing of information regarding preparatory proceedings included in the following acts: press law, law on access to public information, personal data protection act, supplemented with relevant regulations of the Criminal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure. In addition, the author discusses the consequences of the analyzed regulation for the interest of the criminal justice system, the interest of the public, as well as the interest of the parties in the proceedings, which has allowed her to assess the justification for that regulation and the necessity of implementing it in Polish legal system.

2017-12-10



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Pozaustawowy kontratyp działania w ramach uprawnień wynikających z prawa do obrony w kontekście nowelizacji art. 233 §1 Kodeksu karnego

Dominika Lapawa

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 27-12-2018 | Abstrakt | s. 91-123

The work is devoted to the non-statutory justification of action in the scope of the right to defence, whose purpose was the exclusion of criminal responsibility for giving false testimony by a witness – the actual perpetrator – in his or her case. It was emphasised that the defence which heretofore resulted from Art. 182 and 183 kk was insufficient for the witness. One discussed inter alia the legal basis of the justification, its constituent elements, one indicated the  controversies which were caused by the concept of justification, and which to a great extent were associated with the violation, by the Supreme Court, of
the constitutional principle of the tripartite division of powers and with the substantive and temporal limits of the right to defence which result both from the norms of international and domestic law. One indicated the position of the representatives of the doctrine as to the concept of justification. Scholarship on the subject, even though it did not take a uniform stand in reference to the problem in question, basically discerned the necessity of the improvement of the situation of the witness – the actual perpetrator, who, testifying in his or her own case, would run the risk of self-incrimination. The considerations of the doctrine resulted in numerous alternative propositions de lege ferenda. In the work, one suggests to seek such a solution in the substantive approach to the nemo se ipsum accusare tenetur rule. Then it was emphasised that the problem of justification once again became the subject of discussion owing to the amendment issued on 11 March 2016 about the modification of the act of law – The Code of Criminal Procedure and certain other acts of law Art. 233 §1a kk. At that time one penalised the behaviour of a witness, who in fear of criminal liability to be faced by the witness or his relatives gives false testimony or conceals the truth. For the sake of recapitulation, one indicated that the amendment which was described above rendered the justification in question invalid, and the perpetrator who is heard in a court of law as a witness continues de lege lata to be entitled to use the right to refuse to answer the question from Art. 183 §1 kpk. One emphasised that the doctrine recurrently discerned the shortcomings of defence which result from Art. 183 §1 kpk. Above all the institution from Art. 183 §1 kpk was not intended for a witness – the actual perpetrator. Therefore, in the article, in order to realise the warranty nature of the entitlement in question one suggests that this admonishment should be rendered obligatory, so that every witness would be aware that the right exists and that he or she may exercise it.

2018-12-27



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Przyjęcie do wykonania kary orzeczonej przez sądy państwa obcego a prawo łaski

Przemysław Krawczyk

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 06-05-2021 | Abstrakt | s. 1-24

In this paper the author considers the connotations between the presidential pardon applied under the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and the judgments of foreign courts sensu largo. This article deals with issues that are on the borderline between constitutional law, criminal law (substantive and procedural) and international law, both public and criminal. The analysis of literature and jurisprudence in this respect allows the author to conclude that the right of grace is significantly limited by international law, due to the international agreements and art. 9 of the Polish Constitution. The author argues that the acceptance of a punishment to be enforced (ordered by a foreign court) excludes the possibility of applying presidential law of clemency to the perpetrator, unless an international agreement (or custom) provides otherwise.

2021-05-06



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Kolizja aksjologiczna prawa karnego z prawem upadłościowym jako skutek zmiany tytułu rozdziału XXXVI Kodeksu karnego

Dariusz Grabarek

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 19-06-2022 | Abstrakt | s. 1-18

Wskazane w tytule rozdziału części szczególnej Kodeksu karnego rodzajowe dobro prawne implikuje wykładnię przepisów w nim zawartych. Od 25 maja 2019 roku ustawodawca, poprzez zmianę tytułu rozdziału XXXVI tego kodeksu na „Przestępstwa przeciwko obrotowi gospodarczemu i interesom majątkowym w obrocie cywilnoprawnym”, dokonał poszerzenia rodzajowego przedmiotu ochrony, skutkiem którego przestało mieć znaczenie, czy dane zachowanie będzie mieć miejsce w obrocie gospodarczym (jak uprzednio), czy też w obrocie cywilnoprawnym, w którym po obu stronach występować będą nieprofesjonaliści. Sąd Najwyższy zauważył, że spowoduje to nieuniknioną „rewolucję” w wykładni przepisów tego rozdziału. Między innymi dotyczy to czynów stypizowanych w art. 301 Kodeksu karnego, sankcjonujących doprowadzenie dłużnika do swojej upadłości lub niewypłacalności, zatem penalizacją, jako podmiot przestępstwa, zostanie objęty również „konsument”. Jednocześnie ustawodawca w prawie insolwencyjnym, a konkretnie w ustawie Prawo upadłościowe, otworzył dostęp do oddłużenia także i tym dłużnikom „konsumentom”, którzy doprowadzili do swojej niewypłacalności lub istotnie zwiększyli jej stopień umyślnie lub wskutek rażącego niedbalstwa. Przewidziano możliwość oddłużenia nawet wówczas, gdy taki dłużnik działał w sposób celowy. Autor wykazał, że doszło skutkiem tego do rozdźwięku pomiędzy prawem karnym, a prawem upadłościowym i kolizji aksjologicznej w systemie prawa, która ma miejsce wówczas, kiedy ustawodawca w jednej normie wyżej ceni daną wartość niż w innej, a w drugiej normie czyni odwrotnie. Zdaniem autora nie dojdzie do derogacji części norm przez ustawodawcę, a reguły kolizyjne nie będą mieć tu zastosowania. Konieczna będzie wykładnia przepisów karnych oparta na paradygmacie domniemania racjonalności ustawodawcy oraz subsydiarności prawa karnego.

2022-06-19



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Optymalny poziom przestępczości w świetle celów polityki kryminalnej

Michał Najman

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 29-12-2023 | Abstrakt | s. 1-14

Many research are devoted to the goals of punishment’s issue. Some authors are in favor for the aggravation of a penalty, while others are in favor for the penalties of a more lenient type that are aimed at rehabilitating the offender and enabling him to return to society. Still, the superiority of punitive or liberal criminal policies has not been scientifically proven. In economic analysis of law the concept of the optimal level of crime becomes more popular nowadays. This concept depreciates the perception of the objectives of criminal law, which are combating and preventing crime. The aim of the article is to demonstrate that a given concept is based on the incoherent assumptions vitiating aims of criminal law and policy, thus cannot be implemented.

2023-12-29



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Nowe typy tzw. przestępstw fakturowych w Kodeksie karnym – powrót do szczególnej prawnokarnej ochrony „mienia społecznego”?

Rafał Fic

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 30-10-2020 | Abstrakt | s. 97-110

The paper makes a distinction between criminal law protection of collective property and that of individual property. It discusses both the amendments of the Polish Criminal Code made on 10 February 2017 and arguments for their introduction. In conclusion, the paper points to some similarities between more severe criminal liability for crimes against collective property under the communist regime and stricter criminal liability for invoice frauds.

2020-10-30



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Koncepcja podziału procesu karnego na dwie fazy – 50 lat później

Bartosz Łukowiak

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 30-10-2020 | Abstrakt | s. 11-37

This paper aims to answer the question whether the concept of dividing a criminal trial into two phases is still useful now, more than half a century after its last broader analysis. It also attempts to solve some specific problems related to the said analysis. The starting point for the considerations contained in the paper was to look at the concept of a two-phase criminal trial as a purely procedural construction and thus to reject its functional link with any model of substantive criminal law. The first part of the paper discusses the history of the concept of a two-phase criminal trial, as well as some of the arguments put forward by its supporters and opponents. In the course of further deliberations, the focus is on searching for elements of the concept in the current legal status. The final part of the text deals with the question whether and, possibly, in what form the concept of division of jurisdictional proceedings should become an element of the Polish criminal procedure. This is followed by numerous and widely justified de lege ferenda conclusions.

2020-10-30



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Raz jeszcze o odpowiedzialności za przywłaszczenie przedmiotu wchodzącego do majątku wspólnego małżonków

Anna Jaworska-Wieloch

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 10-12-2017 | Abstrakt | s. 103-118

The legal assessment of misappropriation of property belonging to community property by one of the spouses constitutes a heavily contested issue in criminal law. The article analyzes a well-established opinion, according to which such property can be the object of the crime of misappropriation, and which cites the rules of the civil law. The article focuses on the issue of the possibility of assuming in such cases an attack on property, i.e. a violation of the object of the offence, discussed from the perspective of family law, which allows spouses to dispose of such property without the permission of the other spouse, on the basis of the rule of independent property management. Moreover, the author verifies the prerequisite for the seizure of third-party property, given that the property in question belongs also to the defendant, in accordance with the rules of community property. In addition to that, the author discusses the issue of meeting the prerequisites for the subjective aspect and the rule for evaluating the damage inflicted by the offence. The latter issue has been identified as particularly controversial, given that determining the scope of the possible restitution claims according to the value of property which constitutes the object of the offence in a situation where the property belongs also to the defendant is contrary to the intuition of criminal law scholars.

2017-12-10



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

The criminalization of cryptojacking in Hungary

Zsolt Gáspár

Język: EN | Data publikacji: 28-06-2024 | Abstrakt | s. 1-16

The study deals with the illegal abuse of cryptocurrency-mining, the phenomenon of the so-called ‘cryptojacking’, which is such an unknown crime that it has not even had a Hungarian name so far. The aim of the study is to examine the illegal mining of cryptocurrencies – as an abstract act – giving a detailed description about their characteristics and their place in the present Hungarian criminal law system. A further aim of the study is to make suggestions to the legislature and law enforcement bodies for the criminal assessment of the illegal mining of cryptocurrencies, based on the review of the relevant legal acts and the related cases.

2024-06-28



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Tzw. usiłowanie kwalifikowane – próba nowego spojrzenia

Michał Zielezny

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 10-12-2017 | Abstrakt | s. 237-249

In the doctrine of criminal law, the term “qualified attempt” denotes two cases. Firstly, the term “qualified attempt” describes a situation in which, when the perpetrator, in their intent to commit a criminal act, directly aims to commit it but does not succeed (attempt), while fulfilling all premises of another criminal act (commission). In the second case, the term “qualified attempt” describes a situation in which the attempt at the commission of a criminal act is covered by the impunity clause on the basis of active grief, while the act of the perpetrator needs to be classified as a commission of a different criminal act. The article, following a general overview of the literature on the subject, presents the author’s own understanding of the term “qualified attempt”, which consists
in the differentiation among attempt, cumulatively qualified attempt with commission, and non-punishable attempt subsumed as a punishable commission.

2017-12-10



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Wybrane aspekty czynności sądowych na tle modelu postępowania przygotowawczego w polskim prawie karnym

Tomasz Bojanowski

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 30-12-2024 | Abstrakt | s. 1-25

Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza czynności sądu na tle modelu postępowania przygotowawczego w polskim prawie karnym. Rozważania rozpoczyna wstęp dotyczący etapowości i zagadnienia modelu procesu karnego. Segmentem, który jest szeroko analizowany w artykule jest postępowanie przygotowawcze. Po nakreśleniu kwestii wprowadzających, analizowane są kwestie historyczno-prawne tj. wybrane aspekty modelu sądowej kontroli postępowania przygotowawczego w okresie od 1918 r. do 1997 r. Autor wykorzystuje niniejsze rozważania w dalszej części pracy w celu wskazania wpływu modeli, które już nie obowiązują, na aktualne uregulowania. Następnie omawiana jest rola czynności sądu w postępowaniu przygotowawczym wynikającą z aktualnego brzemienia Kodeksu Postępowania Karnego z 1997 r. Tłem rozważań jest zastany model postępowania przygotowawczego. W końcowej części artykułu autor przechodzi do wniosków de lege lata i de lege ferenda w zakresie optymalnego modelu procedury karnej. Jego zdaniem polskie postępowanie karne gruntownego przemodelowania poprzez wprowadzenie nowego organu do postępowania przygotowawczego – niezawisłego sędziego ds. postępowania przygotowawczego oraz określenia katalogu czynności tego sędziego w duchu praworządności, obiektywizmu i sądowej ochrony praw człowieka.

2024-12-30



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Zawieszenie postępowania przygotowawczego a czynności dowodowe – postulaty de lege ferenda

Radosław Jarocki

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 29-12-2023 | Abstrakt | s. 1-16

In recent years, there has been a noticeable abuse by prosecution bodies of the institution of suspension of proceedings during the pre-trial proceedings. While it is possible on the basis of article 22 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the prerequisites indicated in this provision are not enumerated and the catalog of prerequisites is open. It can lead to opportunism going too far as a basis for suspension of the proceedings
due to the lack of statutory limits within which proceedings can be suspended. At the same time, it is considered that article 22 of the Code of Criminal Procedure applies not only to court proceeding already pending, but also to pre-trial proceedings. As a result, law prosecution bodies are even entitled to arbitrarily using the institution of suspension of proceedings, thereby leading not only to the possibility of losing evidence or distorting it, but also causing a restriction of the victims’ right to justice. The aim of the presented article is to show that the current form of the institution of suspension does not fully realize the requirements in accordance with the principles of criminal procedure, so the de lege ferenda postulate is a more detailed regulation of the issues relating to the actions that can be taken by law prosecution bodies, as well as those relating to securing of evidence.

2023-12-29



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Interakcja kryminalistyki i prawa karnego oraz jej odzwierciedlenie w postępowaniu dowodowym czeskiego systemu prawnego

David Texl

Język: EN | Data publikacji: 19-06-2024 | Abstrakt | s. 1-18

The paper deals primarily with the issue of evidence in criminal proceedings, in relation to the criminalistic procedures by which individual pieces of evidence are obtained. The introductory part focuses on a general analysis of the relationship between criminalistics and criminal law and on the relevance of criminalistics for legal practice.
The main part of the paper is devoted to the area of evidence. The area of evidence is the centre of gravity of the entire criminal proceedings, and therefore the upcoming recodification of the Czech criminal procedural law may bring improvements to the current situation in this area as well. De lege ferenda considerations will be devoted to the analysis of the question whether criminalistic methods and procedures should be regulated directly in the Criminal Procedure Code, as is the case with the so-called special methods of evidence, or whether such a procedure is not appropriate.

2024-06-19



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Problemy związane z tzw. konstrukcją ciągłości przestępstwa w odniesieniu do instytucji prawa karnego procesowego – res iudicata oraz zakazu ne bis in idem

Przemysław Krawczyk

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 22-12-2021 | Abstrakt | s. 1-29

Przemysław Krawczyk discusses the impact of institutions related to the continuity of a crime on the substantive validity of judgments in criminal cases and the ne bis in idem prohibition that flows from it. The study presents the views of doctrine and judicature which treat the scope of the validity of substantive judgment in relation to conduct (acts) committed in the conditions of continuity. It should be noted at the outset that positions on this issue tend to be diametrically different. Moreover, Krawczyk points out how important it is to set temporal limits to the continuity of an offence. This issue is of considerable importance from the point of view of the substantive validity of a ruling issued in a criminal trial, because incorrect or insufficiently precise delimitation of these limits may result in a violation of some fundamental principles of criminal law, both substantive and procedural.

2021-12-22



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Zamierzone przyczynienie się do popełnienia zbrodni przez grupę osób działających we wspólnym celu. O wymiarze kary współmiernej do niesprawczej formy współdziałania przestępnego w międzynarodowym prawie karnym

Aneta Fraser

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 17-04-2025 | Abstrakt | s. 1-20

The purpose of the article is to provide guidance in identifying the circumstances that the International Criminal Court (ICC) should consider when imposing the sentence for ‘in any other way contributing to the commission of a crime by a group of persons acting with a common purpose’, as provided for in Article 25(3)(d) of the Rome Statute. The proposed exemplary circumstances are not actus reus elements of the concept of joint criminal enterprise (JCE), however they relate to them. In other words, regardless to the fact that the concept of JCE has not been adopted by the ICC, it is concluded that the elements relating to such enterprises are relevant, to the extent indicated, for the application of Article 25(3)(d) of the Rome Statute.

2025-04-17



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Prawnokarna ochrona związku małżeńskiego

Szymon Śliwonik

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 28-06-2024 | Abstrakt | s. 1-25

Instytucja rodziny jak małżeństwa pojmowanego jako związku kobiety i mężczyzny odgrywa niezwykle istotne znaczenie, zwłaszcza w świetle współczesnych przemian społecznych. O doniosłości rodziny jak i związku małżeńskiego i ich znaczenia dla ładu społecznego świadczy ich wzmożona ochrona na gruncie prawa konstytucyjnego, jak i cywilnego, a zwłaszcza implementacji stosownych regulacji o charakterze prawnokarnym przewidujących odpowiedzialność karną względem osób godzących w wskazane wartości. Przejawem ochrony małżeństwa na gruncie prawa karnego materialnego świadczy kryminalizacja i wyodrębnienie odrębnego typu przestępstwa bigamii, polegającej na zawarciu kolejnego małżeństwa, mimo pozostawania przez sprawce w ważnym związku małżeńskim. Celem artykułu jest analiza konstrukcji znamion czynu bigamii, z uwzględnieniem szczególnej roli związku małżeńskiego, jak i odpowiedzenie na pytanie o celowości kryminalizacji opisywanego  przestępstwa.  

2024-06-28



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Brak obowiązku stawiennictwa oskarżyciela publicznego na rozprawie w kontekście podstawowych zasad procesu karnego

Aleksandra Limańska

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 27-12-2018 | Abstrakt | s. 125-136

The principle of legalism places upon the public prosecutor the obligation o pressing charges to a court of law and then to support this claim in the course of the lawsuit. It seems obvious that in order to execute this duty in an appropriate manner, the public prosecutor should attend the trial and actively participate in it. However, in regulation Art. 46 §2 k.p.k., which was introduced by way of an amendment issued on 11 March 2016, the legislator stipulated a regulation which permits the public prosecutor not to appear during the trial, if the preliminary legal proceedings concluded in the form of investigation. Obviously, the task of this regulation is to accelerate the proceedings in cases of lesser calibre, which are cases in which an investigation is conducted. However, it is necessary to consider the aforementioned regulation in the context of the basic principles of a criminal lawsuit and the analysis of the consequences of such regulations. Therefore, in the first instance one made reference to the most important regulations contained in the basis acts of international law, i.e. the European Convention of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which emphasise above all the significance of independence and impartiality, as well as the principle of a quick and efficient operation of the procedure. It was also necessary to refer the substantive regulation to the principle of the contradictoriness of the criminal lawsuit, which stipulates inter alia the separation of lawsuit-related roles and the passivity of the court in reference to the initiative of the parties who argue their cases.

2018-12-27



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Prawo osób zatrzymanych do obrony formalnej w polskim procesie karnym. Ocena rozwiązań proponowanych w petycji Naczelnej Rady Adwokackiej w sprawie podjęcia inicjatywy ustawodawczej dotyczącej zmiany art. 245 Kodeksu postępowania karnego

Olga Skorulska

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 28-12-2022 | Abstrakt | s. 1-19

The aim of the article is showing the legitimacy of the Supreme Bar Council’s legislative initiative to amend Article 245 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, aimed at improving the legal situation of detainees and to assess of the solutions suggested by the NRA, as well. The article analyzes the current state of the law from a legal standpoint of the compatibility of the current regulations with the standards arising from European law – which made it possible to identify areas of incompatibility and to examine whether thanks to the solutions suggested by the NRA, these legal discrepancies can be removed or at least – reduced.

2022-12-28



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Jawność rozprawy głównej a gwarancje przewidziane w Konstytucji

Radosław Koper

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 27-12-2018 | Abstrakt | s. 225-237

The principle of openness, as one of the foremost principles of criminal proceedings, is realised above all during the main trial. The amendment act of law to the code of criminal procedure issued on 10 June 2016 introduced model changes in this regard. The article is devoted to a discussion of mainly these changes in the context of their consistency with the Constitution. The first change has to do with the fact that the public prosecutor has the right to express his or her objection toward the holding of a trial in camera, while such an objection is binding for the court. This regulation is a source of reservations of constitutional nature, for it violates the constitutional right to a fair adjudication of a case by the court. The second fundamental change consists in the establishment, as
a principle, of audio-visual registering of the court session by the representatives of media outlets. In these terms, a critical analysis should be conducted upon the removal of the condition of the respect of the important interest of the participant of a criminal proceeding. However, a basically positive evaluation was received by the extension of the scope of the openness of the main trial, expressing a thesis about the constancy of this regulation with the Constitution.

2018-12-27



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Odpowiedzialność osób zarządzających w transnarodowych korporacjach w prawie karnym – aspekty międzynarodowe i transnarodowe

Kamil Boczek

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 30-10-2020 | Abstrakt | s. 75-96

Owing to increasing globalisation, transnational corporations play an important role in international trade. Those wealthy and very complex entities have a major impact on reality and often engage in activities which involve illegal practices such as the environmental pollution, forced labour and other serious infringement of employees’ right or even crimes against humanity. Carrying on business which is primarily profit-oriented may result in violations of fundamental human rights, if this is required for a corporation to financially exploit a business opportunity. It is difficult in practice to hold these entities and their corporate directors to account. Regulations regarding criminal responsibility of managers of transnational corporations can be found in national and international laws. However, criminal proceedings do not give satisfactory results. The main problem lies in powers, flexibility and close links of those corporations with local authorities. The paper points to different solutions applied throughout the world, and describes the best-known criminal proceedings against corporate managers.

2020-10-30



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Gwarancje i ograniczenia prawdy w polskim procesie karnym

Mateusz Karuga , Kazimierz Zgryzek

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 22-03-2023 | Abstrakt | s. 1-34

W pracy przedstawiono rozważania dotyczące poszczególnych instytucji prawnych, które z jednej strony umożliwiają dotarcie do prawdy w trakcie postępowania karnego, z drugiej zaś – ograniczają taką możliwość. Ukazano wpływ tych instytucji na możliwości poznawcze organów procesowych, a także celowość istnienia zarówno gwarancji, jak i ograniczeń prawdy w procesie karnym. Prawda jest bowiem jedną z wartości realizowanych przez polski system prawa karnego procesowego, w związku z czym musi ono zapewniać warunki, by można było do niej dotrzeć. Niemniej prawda może wchodzić w konflikt z innymi wartościami wyrażanymi przez polski porządek prawny, dlatego niejednokrotnie musi zostać ograniczona lub wyłączona. Rozważania poświęcono relacjom między prawdą a innymi zasadami procesu karnego, instytucjami prawa dowodowego, postępowaniem odwoławczym i gwarancjami procesowymi. Zarysowano także potencjalne pozaprawne zagrożenia dla możliwości osiągnięcia prawdy.

2023-03-22



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Prawo do tłumaczenia pokrzywdzonego w polskim procesie karnym – wybrane zagadnienia

Michał Toruński

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 20-11-2020 | Abstrakt | s. 1-16

The analysis of the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure shows a clear asymmetry in the rights of the accused and the victim as regards the right to interpreting. Despite the implementation of subsequent amendments, the legislators consistently ignored the rights of the victim with regard to the right to interpreting; when they actually dealt with that issue, it was done in a fragmented and selective manner.
Moreover, the exegesis of the provisions on the right to interpreting leads to the conclusion that the analyzed right is not fully regulated by the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, and some extremely important normative parts of it must be decoded from the Law on the System of Common Courts. Both these spheres interpenetrate each other, which is undeniably undesirable from the point of view of the standard of legal certainty and transparency.
This study aims at identifying legislative shortcomings, as well as at proposing de lege ferenda solutions in relation to the analyzed right of the victim to interpreting.

2020-11-20



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Procedura ułaskawienia Prezydenta w Ugandzie

Jamil Ddamulira Mujuzi

Język: EN | Data publikacji: 11-12-2024 | Abstrakt | s. 1-37

In the Constitution of Uganda, there are two circumstances in which a person may be granted a pardon. A pardon may be granted to a person before he/she has been prosecuted for an offence. Thus, Article 28(10) of the Constitution provides that ‘[n]o person shall be tried for a criminal offence if the person shows that he or she has been pardoned in respect of that offence.’ A pardon can also be granted to a person after he/she has been convicted of an offence. This is under Article 121(1)(a) which provides that the President, on the advice of the Advisory Committee on the Prerogative of Mercy, may ‘grant to any person convicted of an offence, a pardon either free or subject to lawful conditions.’ On the basis of Article 121, the President has pardoned hundreds of prisoners without imposing any condition(s). As a result, they are often released from prison immediately. These could be classified as free or unconditional pardons. However, Ugandan legislation is silent on the grounds on which a free pardon may be granted and whether a free pardon expunges a conviction. Relying on case law and legislation from countries such as South Africa, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and Canada, the author argues that since Ugandan legislation does not provide that a free pardon should only be granted to a person who was wrongfully convicted of an offence, a free pardon does not expunge a conviction. Under Article 121(6), the President’s pardon powers do not extend to those convicted by a Field Court Martial. However, in Uganda Law Society and Another v Attorney General, the Constitutional Court held that Article 121 is applicable to cases where the offenders were convicted by a Field Court Martial. It is argued that this reasoning is contrary to the drafting history of Article 121(6). It is also argued that Article 121(6) is only applicable in cases where the Field Court Martial was operating during an
armed conflict. The Constitutional Court held that a prisoner has a right to petition the President to exercise the prerogative of mercy. It is argued that this view is neither supported by Article 121 nor any legislation. It is also argued that section 102 of the Trial on Indictments Act which provides for the role of the Minister in the prerogative of mercy process is contrary to Article 121(5) of the Constitution and should be interpreted to
bring it in conformity with the Constitution or be declared unconstitutional. Parliament may have to amend or enact legislation to expressly stipulate whether a free pardon expunges a conviction.

2024-12-11



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Kilka słów o modyfikacji orzeczenia w części dotyczącej kompensacji szkody

Patrycja Bróżek

Język: EN | Data publikacji: 29-12-2022 | Abstrakt | s. 1-18

An important issue that requires in-depth consideration in the context of the issue of enforcement of judgments on the obligation imposed on the perpetrator to compensate for the damage inflicted or to make reparation for the harm suffered by the aggrieved party is the issue of the possibility to modify them (change the manner, scope or even revoke them) in enforcement proceedings. This raises the question: Is the executing authority entitled to make any changes (and if so, what changes) to the part of the judgment that concerns the obligation to compensate for the damage or harm suffered? Whether or not on the grounds of criminal law it is permissible to apply the institutions regulated in Article 453 of the CC, that is, datio in solutum (the essence of which consists in the fact that an obligation expires if the debtor, with the creditor’s consent, performs another service in order to be released from it), as well as in Article 509 of the Civil Code, the so-called assignment of claims (under which the creditor may, without the debtor’s consent, transfer a claim to a third party, unless this would be contrary to the law, a contractual stipulation or the nature of the obligation) and in Article 365 of the CC, that is, alternate obligations, or even in Article 506 of the Civil Code, that is, renewal (novation)? Whether and which amendments, if any, may be made by the court on the basis of Article 13(1) of the EPC? How much influence does the will of the aggrieved party or the will of the offender have on the manner in which such an obligation is to be performed and any modification thereof? The issues outlined are, among others, the subject of a broader analysis within this publication.

2022-12-29



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Sprawozdanie z Ogólnopolskiej Konferencji Naukowej „Farmaceutyki – sport – przestępstwo” (13–14 kwietnia 2023 r.)

Patrycja Bróżek

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 29-12-2023 | Abstrakt | s. 1-6

The article is a report from the course of the National Scientific Conference “Pharmaceuticals – sports – crime” that took place at the Faculty of Law and Administration in Toruń on the 13th–14th of April 2023. The subject of the meeting was the issue of the broadly understood pharmaceutical crime and the abuse of substances that are not allowed in contemporary sports. The report characterizes the proceedings of
the conference, including the presentations of speakers on the various aspects of it, such as: “Pharmaceuticals and sport – the voice of practitioners”, “Pharmaceuticals and sport – the problems of criminal law and criminology”, “Pharmaceuticals and sport – foreign experience”, “Doping in sport and standards of its combating”, “Doping in sport – practical aspects”.

2023-12-29



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Granice dozwolonej prowokacji w świetle art. 24 k.k.

Marta Tumidalska

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 27-12-2018 | Abstrakt | s. 213-224

The institution of provocation in criminal law is an extremely interesting phenomenon, for it may refer both to people who do not perform any public functions as well as to people who hold such a position. In this perspective, it was necessary to indicate in the article the origin of the word provocation and its etymology. Therefore, one conducted an analysis of various definitions and their components. One also indicated the origin of the eponymous institution and the examples manifested in international body of rulings. In a description of such phenomena as provocation, it is necessary to indicate the responsibility of the person who commits the offence(s) mentioned in Art. 24 of the Penal Code. An interesting element has to do with the indication – in one of the subchapters – of the utilisation of provocation in operation- and situation assessment-related activities, which are a result of the act of law about the Police and about other services. Finally, one should ask oneself the question about the extent to which one may shift the application of regulations about responsibility, considering the catalogue of institutions which may employ such technique(s)? Therefore, should not one delimit the scope of the competence of organs such as the Public Prosecutor General/Minister of Justice, in order to enhance the efficiency of the system which was mentioned above? The conclusion of the article constitutes an attempt at answering the question about the aforementioned questions and to consider the plausibility of the combining these positions in the context of the subject which is discussed.

2018-12-27



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Politycznokryminalne znaczenie czynnego żalu okazanego przez sprawcę po dokonaniu przestępstwa niealimentacji (art. 209 §4 i §5 k.k.)

Olga Sitarz

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 27-12-2018 | Abstrakt | s. 137-154

By means of an act of law issued on 23 March 2017 in order to “reinforce the realisation of the obligation of guardianship by satisfying the material necessities of people who are unable to satisfy them on their own”, one introduced changes in the heretofore binding regulation which stipulated criminal responsibility for evading the obligation of the payment of alimony (Art. 209 k.k.). The regulation which was mentioned received new content, inter alia by introducing a qualified type, and it was furnished – for the first time in the history of the criminalisation on the non-payment of alimony – in a clause of impunity and the clause about the refraining from administering punishment in the case of the manifestation of voluntary disclosure on the part of the offender after the commission of the crime of the non-payment of alimony. The present publication explores the problems associated with the latter point – voluntary disclosure. In the light of the analysis which was conducted and the legislative deficiencies of the regulation Art. 209 § 5 k.k. and its relation to regulation Art. 59 k.k. one stated that from the perspective of legislative technique § 5 is inappropriate, and from the perspective of the criminal policy it is redundant. It seems that the function which is assumed – the ensuring of the satisfaction of the claims of the aggrieved party –simply regulation § 4 Art. 209 k.k., would serve this task perfectly, obviously after the removal of the shortcomings which were indicated.

2018-12-27



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Ustrojowe gwarancje praw zatrzymanego jako wzorce sądowej kontroli zatrzymania w polskim procesie karnym

Patryk Kępa

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 27-12-2018 | Abstrakt | s. 43-60

The purpose of the article is to draw attention to the fact that the Polish legal system features system-related guarantees of the rights of the detainee which are regulated in a multi-centric system of law, consisting of a set of constitutional norms and legal international norms, which create the models of judicial control of detention in a Polish criminal lawsuit. The article puts forward a thesis that the Polish system features the socalled dispersed control of constitutionality, which is erroneously considered a synonym of the concept of the so-called direct application of the constitution. The questions under discussion are analysed by means of a formal-dogmatic method. The article also discusses the possibility of the participation of assistant judges in the exercise of judicial control of detention, with reference to the recent modification of the system-based position of assistant judges.

2018-12-27



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Odpowiedzialność karna za utrudnianie i udaremnianie prowadzenia kontroli na gruncie ustawy o ochronie danych osobowych z dnia 10 maja 2018 r. Podstawowe zagadnienia karnoprawne

Daria Sieradzka

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 30-10-2020 | Abstrakt | s. 165-180

The paper analyses two provisions of the Act of 10 May 2018 on Personal Data Protection. It describes the structure and characteristic features of acts which obstruct or frustrate an inspection of compliance with personal data protection provisions. The paper emphasises the importance of powers held by a supervisory authority, the President of the Office for Personal Data Protection, especially in the context of the EU legislation. The article also gives examples of interrelationship between the controller and the entity that is controlled and discusses the way this impacts criminal liability. It presents a comparative analysis of the said provision alongside its analogous provision which is related to inspection carried out under Article 55 of the Act of 14 December 2018 on Personal Data Protection in Connection with Preventing and Fighting Crime. The final conclusions include some proposals for, inter alia, the analysis of problems noted by the Personal Data Protection Office while conducting control proceedings in the years 2018–2019.

2020-10-30



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Gwałt a zgwałcenie w polskim prawie karnym

Patryk Theuss , Jaśmina Skulimowska

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 14-09-2022 | Abstrakt | s. 1-20

Cel niniejszego artykułu stanowi analiza kwestii adekwatnego rozumienia pojęć „gwałt” i „zgwałcenie”. W pierwszej kolejności autorzy skupili się na genezie badanych terminów i ich umiejscowieniu w pomnikach prawa obowiązujących w przeszłości na ziemiach polskich. Konstytutywnym elementem części historycznej opracowania jest interpretacja wskazanych pojęć połączona z określeniem relacji między nimi. Następnie przeanalizowano kodeksy karne z 1932 r., 1969 r. oraz aktualny z 1997 r., które kontynuują rodzimą myśl prawną w zakresie stosowania terminów „gwałt” i „zgwałcenie” w ustawodawstwie karnym.

2022-09-14



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Wybrane zagadnienia związane ze stosowaniem instytucji usiłowania we współczesnym orzecznictwie sądów polskich

Katarzyna Zawidzka

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 24-05-2021 | Abstrakt | s. 1-24

The institution of attempt is used relatively frequently in the practice of justice system.
Importantly, it always separates the punishable stage of attempt from punishable preparatory activities, and therefore constitutes the limit of criminalization. Despite its practical importance, using of the indicated legal structure, raises a number of doubts that are related to the proper interpretation of the normative concepts comprising it. A consequence is moving the limit of punishability of the crime by adjudicating authorities. It can raise some objections – from fundamental principle of criminal law in
the form of nullum crimen sine lege point of view. The article discusses the problems of that appear in jurisdiction in connection with the application of the attempt institution; these problems raise interest among doctrine. The author confronts irreconcilable judgments. The Author searches interpretative solutions that seem the most appropriate from theoretical and dogmatic structure of the successful attempt and inept attempt point of view.

2021-05-24



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Zakres przedmiotowy reguły in dubio pro reo, czyli o możliwości rozstrzygania na korzyść oskarżonego niedających się usunąć wątpliwości prawnych (analiza kompleksowa)

Bartosz Łukowiak

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 28-12-2022 | Abstrakt | s. 1-41

Celem pracy jest analiza problemu zakresu przedmiotowego reguły in dubio pro, czyli rozstrzygnięcie trwającego od dekad sporu, czy wyrażony w art. 5 § 2 Kodeksu postępowania karnego nakaz rozstrzygania niedających się usunąć wątpliwości na korzyść oskarżonego dotyczy również wątpliwości prawnych, czy też powinno się z niego korzystać wyłącznie przy rozstrzyganiu wątpliwości o charakterze faktycznym. Artykuł ten stanowi pierwszą kompleksową analizę tego zagadnienia. Przedstawiono w nim zarówno wszystkie dotychczas wysuwane argumenty na rzecz każdego z przeciwstawnych poglądów, jak i wysunięto szereg własnych, niedostrzeganych dotąd argumentów. W pierwszej części tekstu analizie poddano m.in. charakter prawny dyrektywy in dubio pro reo, w tym zwłaszcza jej związek z zasadą domniemania niewinności. W dalszej jego części zbadano m.in. jaki wpływ na rozstrzygnięcie problemu przedmiotowego zakresu omawianej reguły mogły mieć kolejne nowelizacje przepisów prawa karnego procesowego, a także zestawiono tę dyrektywę z analogicznymi regulacjami z zakresu innych gałęzi prawa.

2022-12-28



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Prawne i kryminologiczne aspekty przestępczości seksualnej duchownych

Anna Wilk

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 29-04-2022 | Abstrakt | s. 1-26

Artykuł porusza problematykę przestępstw seksualnych duchownych Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego. Zawiera próbę przybliżenia samej skali zjawiska przestępstw seksualnych popełnianych przez duchownych w świetle dostępnych statystyk i literatury, z uwzględnieniem wybranych krajów oraz Polski, jak również wskazania przykładów reakcji Kościoła i państwa na ten problem. Przedstawione są także czynniki kryminogenne przestępczości seksualnej w Kościele, takie jak: tzw. "kultura klerykalna", sam stan duchowny jako czynnik ryzyka, celibat duchownych oraz orientacja homoseksualna sprawców. Opracowanie porusza również prawnokarne aspekty przestępstw seksualnych duchownych, a w szczególności problematykę karalnego zaniechania denuncjacji, co ma szczególne znaczenie w świetle kierowanych pod adresem Kościoła zarzutów o "tuszowanie" przestępstw seksualnych popełnionych przez duchownych lub pomaganie sprawcom w uniknięciu odpowiedzialności.

2022-04-29



Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Karnego

Instytucja zatrzymania osoby oraz zatrzymania rzeczy z perspektywy gwarancji konstytucyjnych – kilka uwag na marginesie art. 41 i art. 64 Konstytucji RP

Piotr Krzysztof Sowiński

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 12-01-2023 | Abstrakt | s. 1-17

Niniejszy tekst poświęcono instytucji zatrzymania rzeczy i zatrzymania osoby z perspektywy gwarancji, jakie udzielają prawu własności oraz wolności osobistej odnośne przepisy Konstytucji RP z 1997 roku. Omówiono regulacje art. 64 i art. 41 ustawy zasadniczej, wytykając im pewną ogólnikowość rozwiązań chroniących prawo własności, ale też zauważając szczegółowość ochrony udzielanej prawu do wolności osobistej. Przedstawiono sposób transpozycji wzorca ochrony wolności osobistej na grunt procesu karnego, poddając oddzielnej analizie przepisy art. 244 kodeksu postępowania karnego. Na bazie tej ostatniej analizy zauważa się pewną homogeniczność gwarancji wolności osobistej i gwarancji prawa do obrony, czego wyrazem jest prawo do pomocy prawnej oraz prawo do pomocy tłumacza.

2023-01-12