America’s Automobile: Affection or Obsession, Myth or Reality?


Abstract

Mythology plays an important part of the role of the American automobile, less so in terms of its primary function that is transportation, more so in terms of an ancillary purpose: its metaphorical significance to both owner or operator and the onlooking public. Across much of the 20th century and continuing now into the third decade of the 21st century, the American automobile has undergone many design changes that have buttressed its metaphorical significance: become streamlined, gained then lost then partially regained size together with a colorful exterior, and in the 21st century become focused on an array of interior gadgets, some cast into hibernation because of an electronic chip scarcity resulting from trade wars and the Covid-19 pandemic. Many Americans seem to have almost become besotted by automobiles, including their own and those driven by others, because in some respects the American automobile has come to define its driver. Automobiles in the United States that are visually appealing symbolize affluence, material success, preoccupation with speed, including the rapid pace of social change, as well as, at least arguably, a lesser regard for protecting the environment. On balance, in the mindset of many Americans, the automobile is larger than life, “a mode of signification, a form” in contrast to a mere machine. Change in automotive design has been heralded as the talisman of a new generation of drivers. However, what is cause and what is effect? American automobiles conflate myth and reality; that which is together with that which might be sometime temporal frustrations with the American Dream.


Keywords

automobile; wartime Nazi collaboration; muscle cars; American Dream; mechanical Manifest Destiny; mobility

Abuelsamid, Sam. “Increasing Collaboration between Tech and Automakers Is Better for Everyone,” Forbes.com. 19 May 2017. https://www.forbes.com/sites/pikeresearch/2017/05/19/automaker-tech-collaboration/?sh=48d163558d7b. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Albert, Dan. Are We There Yet? The American Automobile Past, Present, and Driverless. W.W. Norton, 2020.

Badir, Sémir. Hjelmslev. Belles-Lettres, 2000.

Badir, Sémir. Épistémologie sémiotique. La théorie du langage de Louis Hjelmslev. Honoré Champion, 2014.

Barthes, Roland (tr. Annette Lavers). Mythologies. Hill and Wang, 1984.

Bennis, Warren G., Kenneth D. Benne & Robert Chin. The Planning of Change. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1985.

Berger, Michael L. The Automobile in American History: A Reference Guide. Greenwood Press, 2001.

Boyd, Thomas Alvin. Professional Amateur: The Biography of Charles Franklin Kettering. E.P. Dutton & Company, 1957.

Bravins, Charles. “Ranking The 10 Fastest Classic Muscle Cars From Movies And TV,” Hotcars.com. 10 December 2020. https://www.hotcars.com/ranking-fastest-classic-muscle-cars-movies-and-tv/. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Bryce, Robert. 2019. “Electric vehicles won’t save us from climate change,” Thehill.com. 11 September 2019. https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/460496-electric-vehicles-wont-save-us-from-climate-change. Accessed 01 August 2021.

Carey, Rich. “24 Cars That Made America: Which were the most influential cars in US automotive history?” History.com. 02 July 2019. https://www.history.com/news/the-cars-that-made-america. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Charniga, Jackie. “Captive finance companies boost auto sales during pandemic,” Automotive News. 08 March 2021. https://www.autonews.com/finance-insurance/captive-finance-companies-boost-auto-sales-during-pandemic. Accessed 01 Aug.2021.

“Children visiting Song Meiling’s Cadillac Luxury Car in Grandee,” Dreamstime.com. https://www.dreamstime.com/editorial-photography-children-visiting-songmeiling-s-cadillac-luxury-car-grandee-shilin-official-residence-was-once-chiang-kai-shek-song-meiling-image64317197 Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Columbia, David Patrick. “Cars and their ‘effect,’” New York Social Diary. 05 April 2021. https://www.newyorksocialdiary.com/cars-and-their-effect/. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Coren, Michael J. “Why America needs the $112,000 electric Hummer,” Quartz. 07 April 2021. https://qz.com/1992896/the-110000-hummer-ev-is-what-the-electric-car-market-wants/. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Crippen, Dave. “Automotive Design Oral History Project: The Reminiscences of Eugene T. Gregorie, Reminiscence from the 1985 Interview with Eugene T. Gregorie.” Automobile in Life and Society (University of Michigan), Automotive Design Oral History, Accession 1673, Benson Ford Research Center. http://www.autolife.umd.umich.edu/Design/Gregorie_interview.htm. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Diamond, Jared Mason. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. W.W. Norton, 1999.

Dobbs, Michael. “Ford and GM Scrutinized for Alleged Nazi Collaboration,” The Washington Post. 30 November, 1998. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/nov98/nazicars30.htm. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

“Early Ford Store of California,” EarlyFordStore.com. https://www.earlyfordstore.com/collections. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Edwards, Chris. “List of Cars with Animal Names,” Zeroto60times.com. March 2013. https://www.zeroto60times.com/2013/03/complete-list-cars-animal-names/. Accessed 01 Aug.2021.

Fingas, Jon. “Last-minute battery deal keeps Ford, VW electric car plans on track,” Engadget.com. 11 April 2021. https://www.engadget.com/lg-sk-ev-battery-deal-helps-ford-and-vw-162706493.html. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Fink, James J. The Automobile Age. MIT Press, 1990.

Fink, James J. The Car Culture. MIT Press, 1975.

Fink, James J. America Adopts the Automobile: 1895–1910. MIT Press, 1970.

Finlay, David. “The most important car made by every car-making nation,” Autocar, 10 April 2021. https://www.msn.com/en-us/autos/enthusiasts/the-most-important-car-made-by-every-car-making-nation/ss-BB1fvziB?ocid=msedgntp. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Fiske, John. Television Culture. Routledge, 1987.

Ford, Henry, with Samuel Crowther. My Life and Work. Kessinger, LLC., 2003.

Fosse, Paul. “Why Tesla Model Y 3rd Row Is Key To It Becoming The Best Selling Vehicle In The World,” CleanTechnica.com. 15 March 2019. https://cleantechnica.com/2019/03/15/why-the-tesla-model-y-3rd-row-is-the-key-to-it-becoming-the-best-selling-vehicle-in-the-world/. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Fraser, William. “Who Gets A Company Car,” Automotive-fleet.com. 01 April 1967. https://www.automotive-fleet.com/147839/who-gets-a-company-car. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Gaines, Elliot. 2001. “Semiotic Analysis of Myth: A Proposal for an Applied Methodology,” The American Journal of Semiotics, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 311–327.

Hamilton, Oliver. “50 of the Worst Cars Ever Made,” Thedaddest.com. 21 April 2020. https://thedaddest.com/uncategorized/worst-cars-tb/?utm_source=taboola. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

“Henry Ford leaves Edison to start automobile company,” History.com. 15 August 2009. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/henry-ford-leaves-edison-to-start-automobile-company. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

“Henry Ford receiving the Grand Cross of the German Eagle from Nazi Officials, 1938,” RareHistoricalPhotos.com, 30 July 1938. https://rarehistoricalphotos.com/henry-ford-grand-cross-1938/#:~:text=Henry%20Ford%20receiving%20the%20Grand%20Cross%20of%20the,an%20honor%20created%20in%201937%20by%20Adolf%20Hitler. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Higham, Charles, editor. Trading with the Enemy—The Nazi-American Money Plot, 1933–1949. Delacorte, 1983.

Hodges, Rich. “Is providing company cars to employees right for your business?” Startupnation.com. 09 April 2015. https://startupnation.com/manage-your-business/pros-cons-providing-company-cars-employees. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Hoffman, Bryce G. American Icon: Alan Mulally and the Fight to Save Ford Motor Company. Random House Crown Business, 2012.

Jamasmie, Cecelia. “Tesla warns of coming battery minerals shortage,” Mining.com. 03 May 2019. https://www.mining.com/tesla-warns-upcoming-battery-minerals-shortage. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Johannsen, Robert W. “The Meaning of Manifest Destiny.” Manifest Destiny and Empire: American Antebellum Expansionism, edited by Sam W. Hayes and Christopher Morris. Texas A&M University Press, 2004.

Kamp, David. “Rethinking the American Dream,” Vanity Fair. April 2009. https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2009/04/american-dream200904. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Lewis, David L., and Laurence Goldstein, editors. The Automobile and American Culture. University of Michigan Press, 1983.

Maio, Alyssa. “Famous Movie Cars: A List of the Most Iconic Movie Cars of All Time,” Studiobinder.com. 16 September 2019. https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/famous-movie-cars. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Manton, Paul. “Levittown’s Unintended Consequences,” Patch.com. 18 January 2012. https://patch.com/new-york/levittown-ny/levittown-s-unintended-consequences. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Marriott, Red. 2006. “How the Allied multinationals supplied Nazi Germany throughout World War II.” Trading with the Enemy—The Nazi-American Money Plot, 1933–1949. Edited by Charles Higham. Delacorte, 1983.

McIntyre, Douglas A. “This Is America’s Oldest Car Brand,” 247wallst.com. 14 April 2021. https://247wallst.com/autos/2021/04/14/buick-is-americas-oldest-car-brand/. Accessed 01 Aug.2021.

“1940 Ford Deluxe Fordor [SIC] Sedan,” Pinterest, N.D. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/301389400062812273/. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Montgomery, Andrew. The Great Book of American Cars. Motorbooks International, 2002.

“Most Popular Muscle Cars In Movies,” Carsoid.com. N.d. Most Popular Muscle Cars in Movies—Dodge, Ford Mustang, Chevrolet (carsoid.com). Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Nöth, Winfred. Handbook of Semiotics. Indiana University Press, 1995.

Notte, Jason. “Classic station wagons that make us nostalgic,” Cheapism.com, 13 April 2021. https://www.msn.com/en-us/autos/enthusiasts/classic-station-wagons-that-make-us-nostalgic/ss-BB1fBg1o?ocid=msedgntp#image=1. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021..

Oldham, Scott. “The 11 best movie muscle cars,” Hagerty.com. 05 Jun 2018. https://www.hagerty.com/media/market-trends/11-best-movie-muscle-cars. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

O’Sullivan, John L. “Annexation.” United States Magazine and Democratic Review, Vol. 17, No. 1, 1845, pp. 5–11.

Palmer, Zac. “2021 Jeep Gladiator Texas Trail attempts to win the heart of Texas,” Autoblog.com. 12 April 2021. https://www.autoblog.com/2021/04/12/jeep-gladiator-texas-trail/?ncid=txtlnkusaolp00000618. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Parker, Garnett. “Here Are The 10 Most Expensive Cars In Jay Leno’s Garage.” Moneyinc.com, 2016. https://moneyinc.com/most-expensive-cars-that-jay-leno-owns. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

“President Presents Pilsudski’s Cadillac,” Radio Poland. 08 November 2014. http://archiwum.thenews.pl/1/9/Artykul/186742,President-presents-Pilsudskis-Cadillac. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Puckett, Elizabeth. “The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly of Clint Eastwood’s Car Collection.” Motorious, 09 April 2021. https://www.msn.com/en-us/autos/enthusiasts/the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-of-clint-eastwood-s-car-collection/ar-BB1f88vP?ocid=msedgntp. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Puckett, Elizabeth. “Bill Goldberg’s Muscle Car Collection Will Leave You Wrestling to Pick a Favorite.” Motorious, 09 April 2021. https://www.msn.com/en-us/autos/enthusiasts/bill-goldberg-s-muscle-car-collection-will-leave-you-wrestling-to-pick-a-favorite/ar-BB1fu43V?ocid=msedgntp. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Puckett, John. “Cruise In Style with this 1957 Ford Thunderbird.” Motorious, 08 April 2021. https://www.msn.com/en-us/autos/news/cruise-in-style-with-this-1957-ford-thunderbird/ar-BB1fqYQK?ocid=msedgntp. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Puckett, John. “Ron Jones Collection Features 175 No Reserve Lots From His Private Collection.” Motorious. 08 April 2021. https://www.msn.com/en-us/autos/news/ron-jones-collection-features-175-no-reserve-lots-from-his-private-collection/ar-BB1fr7US. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Plumer, Brad, and Nadja Popovich. “America Has Long Favored Cars Over Trains and Buses. Can Biden Change That?” The New York Times. 03 April 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/02/climate/biden-public-transit-amtrak.html. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Pyper, Julia. “7 New Partnerships to Boost the Electric Vehicle Market,” Greentechmedia.com. 07 August 2019. https://www.greentechmedia.com/squared/electric-avenue/7-new-partnerships-boost-electric-vehicle-market. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Redfern, John. “Historic Kennedy presidential Lincoln limo sells at auction,” Motoring Research. 21 October 2020. https://www.msn.com/en-us/autos/autos-luxury/historic-kennedy-presidential-lincoln-limo-sells-at-auction/ss-BB1afVAF#image=1. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Redfern, John. 2021. “Ranked: EV Charging In Each US State In 2021,” Motoring Research, 09 April 2021. https://www.msn.com/en-us/autos/news/ranked-ev-charging-in-each-us-state-in-2021/ss-BB1fm3WA?ocid=msedgntp#image=4. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Sapienza, James Derek. “10 Classic American Cars That Changed the Auto World Forever,” Motor Biscuit. 08 October 2019. https://www.motorbiscuit.com/10-american-icons-that-changed-the-automotive-world. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Scherer, Jasper. “Houston pastor on $200K Lamborghini gift: ‘It wasn’t a pastor that bought the car. It was a husband,’” Chron.com. 15 December 2017. https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Houston-pastor-on-200K-Lamborghini-gift-It-13468859.php. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Shaw, Kristin V. “Hey, Car Companies: Bring Back Hood Ornaments,” Thedrive.com. 10 April 2021. https://www.thedrive.com/news/40126/hey-car-companies-bring-back-hood-ornaments. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Silverstone, Roger. “Television Myth and Culture.” Understanding Television: Essays on Television as a Social and Cultural Force, edited by Richard P. Adler. Praeger, 1988.

Sloan, Jr., Alfred Pritchard, with Boyden Sparkes. Adventures of a White-Collar Man. Doubleday, 1941.

Sloan, Jr., Alfred Pritchard, John McDonald, Catherine Stevens Sloan, editors. My Years with General Motors, 1964.

Snow, Richard. I Invented the Modern Age: The Rise of Henry Ford. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2014.

Stein, Jonathan A. Curves of Steel: Streamlined Automobile Design. Coachbuilt Press, 2009.

Stern, Perry. 2021. “Fully Electric 2021 Ford Mustang Mach-E: Review,” AutoNXT.net. 10 Apr. https://autonxt.net/2021-ford-mustang-mach-e-review. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Sua, Jiangli. “Reality Behind Absurdity: The Myth of American Dream,” Sociology Study, Vol. 5, No. 11, 2015, pp. 837–842.

Symes, Steven. “All-Electric Dodge Charger Stars in Next Fast & Furious,” Motorious.com. 06 April 2021. https://www.motorious.com/articles/news/all-electric-dodge-charger. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Symes, Steven. “Tim Allen’s Car Collection Fills A Warehouse,” Motorious.com. 13 April 2021. https://www.motorious.com/articles/features-3/tim-allens-car-collection. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

“The Chrysler Airflow—A Car Ahead of Its Time,” Blackburnwheels.com. 14 May 2014. https://www.blackburnwheels.com/the-chrysler-airflow-a-car-ahead-of-its-time. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

“The most beautiful cars ever made,” Autocar, 08 April 2021. https://www.msn.com/en-us/autos/enthusiasts/the-most-beautiful-cars-ever-made/ss-BB1fqYJg?ocid=msedgntp. Accessed 12 Aug. 2021.

Thompson, Keenan. “15 Facts About The Cars Driven By The Kardashians,” Thethings.com. 30 January 2020. https://www.thethings.com/facts-about-the-cars-driven-by-the-kardashians. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

“Trade or business expenses, Title 28 US Code,” Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/162. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Turner, Jr., Henry Ashby. General Motors and the Nazis: The Struggle for Control of Opel, Europe’s Biggest Carmaker. Yale University Press, 2005.

Wallechinsky, David, and Irving Wallace. “History of Famous Automobiles: The Duesenberg, Part 2,” Trivia-Library.com. https://trivia-library.com/b/history-of-famous-automobiles-the-dusenberg-part-2.htm. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Weaver, Warren. Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., Philanthropist. Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, 1975.

“William Durant Creates General Motors,” History.com. 15 September 2020. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/william-durant-creates-general-motors. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Vaičiulaitytė, Giedrė. 2017. “50 Amazing Animal Bridges and Crossings That Save 1000s Of Animals Every Year,” Boredpanda.com. https://www.boredpanda.com/bridges-for-animals-around-the-world/?utm_source=search.yahoo&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=organic. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Watts, Steven. The People’s Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century. Vintage, 2006.

Wik, Reynold M. Henry Ford and Grass-roots America. University of Michigan Regional, 1973.

Yagoda, Maria. “From Gold Grillz to Diamond-Encrusted Bath Tubs: The Most Extravagant Celeb Gifts Ever: The most over-the-top gifts celebs have given to each other out of love,” People.com. 12 January 2017. https://people.com/celebrity/extravagant-celebrity-gifts-price-tag. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Zakarin, Jordan. “A Record Number of Electric Car Models Are Hitting American Streets in 2021,” Observer.com. 12 February 2021. https://observer.com/2021/02/new-electri-cars-2021-united-states-tax-credit. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.

Zhang, Kimberly. “Should You Invest in a Company Car?” Under30CEO.com. 07 May 2020.https://www.under30ceo.com/should-you-invest-in-a-company-car. Accessed 01 Aug. 2021.


Published : 2021-12-19


JonesD. (2021). America’s Automobile: Affection or Obsession, Myth or Reality?. Review of International American Studies, 14(2), 25-55. https://doi.org/10.31261/rias.11803

David Arthur Jones  david.jones@uw.edu.pl
University of Warsaw American Studies Center  Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9092-1748

DAVID A. JONES is University of Warsaw Professor dr hab. (Political Science) of International Relations and International Management. He has been at its Institute of The Americas and Europe, American Studies Center, since 2005, Faculty of Management since 2012, and Institute of International Relations from 2006 to 2016. He is a senior graduate faculty at Norwich University, the Military Academy of the State of Vermont, where he teaches Intercultural Management in the International System and has taught its capstone graduate course, Global Corporate Diplomacy, receiving its Distinguished Faculty Award in 2018. Professor Jones received the University of Warsaw Rector’s Award in 2017 for his book, Four Eagles and a Dragon: Successes and Failures of Quixotic Encirclement Strategies in Foreign Policy, An Analysis (Bloomsbury). From 2000-05 he was faculty advisor to the Oxford Banking Forum at Oxford University. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM) and Royal Statistical Society (FRSS), and holder of patents including a U.S.P.T.O. utility patent, several design patents registered in the United States, Canada, European Community, and Republic of China (Taiwan).






Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

The Copyright Holder of the submitted text is the Author. The Reader is granted the rights to use the material available in the RIAS websites and pdf documents under the provisions of the Creative CommonsAttribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0). Any commercial use requires separate written agreement with the Author and a proper credit line indicating the source of the original publication in RIAS.

  1. License

The University of Silesia Press provides immediate open access to journal’s content under the Creative Commons BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors who publish with this journal retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned CC BY 4.0 license.

  1. Author’s Warranties

The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s.

If the article contains illustrative material (drawings, photos, graphs, maps), the author declares that the said works are of his authorship, they do not infringe the rights of the third party (including personal rights, i.a. the authorization to reproduce physical likeness) and the author holds exclusive proprietary copyrights. The author publishes the above works as part of the article under the licence "Creative Commons Attribution - By the same conditions 4.0 International".

ATTENTION! When the legal situation of the illustrative material has not been determined and the necessary consent has not been granted by the proprietary copyrights holders, the submitted material will not be accepted for editorial process. At the same time the author takes full responsibility for providing false data (this also regards covering the costs incurred by the University of Silesia Press and financial claims of the third party).

  1. User Rights

Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, the users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) the article for any purpose, provided they attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor.

  1. Co-Authorship

If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.

I hereby declare that in the event of withdrawal of the text from the publishing process or submitting it to another publisher without agreement from the editorial office, I agree to cover all costs incurred by the University of Silesia in connection with my application.