Eastern-European 1968s?
Abstract
The concepts of ‘long 1968’ and ‘counterculture’ compete in order to define the same cultural movement. Depending on the cultural context, historians used both of them to broadly define the same idea. Yet the whole situation becomes more complex when explaining the protests in Eastern and Central Europe of the late 1960s. In this paper, I argue that the protests from Eastern and Central Europe were the result of a diffusion from Western Europe as well as an evolution of locally-generated situations.
Keywords
the long 1968; Roszak; Promises of 1968; East-Central Europe
References
Agosti, Aldo, Anna Balzarro, Paulina Bren, Patrick Burke, Juan José Gómez Gutiérrez, Arthur Marwick, Patrick Pasture, Kristina Schulz, Jarle Simensen, and Miroslav Vanek. Transnational Moments of Change: Europe 1945, 1968, 1989. Edited by Gerd Rainer-Horn and Padraic Kenney. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2004.
Aron, Raymond. Raymond Aron. La Révolution Introuvable : Réflexions Sur La Révolution de Mai En Réponse à Des Questions Posées Par Alain Duhamel. Fayard, 1968.
Berman, Paul. A Tale of Two Utopias: The Political Journey of the Generation of 1968. Reprint edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997.
Boggs, Carl. ‘Rethinking the Sixties Legacy: From New Left to New Social Movements’. In Social Movements, 331–55. Main Trends of the Modern World. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 1995.
Carlsson, Gosta, and Katarina Karlsson. ‘Age, Cohorts and the Generation of Generations’. American Sociological Review 35, no. 4 (1970): 710–18.
Davis, Belinda, Wilfried Mausbach, Martin Klimke, and Carla MacDougall. Changing The World, Changing Oneself: Political Protest and Collective Identities in West Germany and the U.S. in the 1960s and 1970s. Berghahn Books, 2013.
Delannoi Gil., Les années utopiques 1968-1978, Editions la Découverte, 1991.
Dobrescu, Caius ‘The Phoenix That Could Not Rise: Politics and Rock Culture in Romania, 1960–1989’, East Central Europe 38, no. 2–3 (1 October 2011
Falk, Barbara J. ‘Resistance and Dissent in Central and Eastern Europe. An Emerging Historiography’in East European Politics and Societies, May 2011.
Fejtö, François, and Jacques Rupnik. Le Printemps tchécoslovaque: 1968. Editions Complexe, 1999.
Fürst, Juliane. Stalin’s Last Generation: Soviet Post-War Youth and the Emergence of Mature Socialism. OUP Oxford, 2010.
Fürst, Juliane, and Josie McLellan. Dropping out of Socialism: The Creation of Alternative Spheres in the Soviet Bloc. Rowman & Littlefield, 2016.
Fürst, Juliane, Silvio Pons, and Mark Selden. The Cambridge History of Communism. Cambridge University Press, 2017.
Gildea, Robert, James Mark, and Anette Warring. Europe’s 1968: Voices of Revolt. 1 edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Gitlin, Todd. The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage. Random House Publishing Group, 2013.
Godin, Benoît. ‘Invention, Diffusion and Linear Models of Innovation: The Contribution of Anthropology to a Conceptual Framework’. Journal of Innovation Economics & Management, no. 15 (16 September 2014): 11–37.
Harris, Adrienne Margery Kalb, and Susan Klebanoff, Demons in the Consulting Room: Echoes of Genocide, Slavery and Extreme Trauma in Psychoanalytic Practice, Routledge, 2016.
Jameson, Fredric. ‘Periodizing the 60s’. Social Text, no. 9/10 (1984): 178–209.
Jennings, M. Kent, and Richard G. Niemi. Generations and Politics: A Panel Study of Young Adults and Their Parents. Princeton University Press, 2014.
Klaniczay, Gábor. ‘L’underground politique, artistique, rock (1970-1980), Abstract, Zusammenfassung’. Ethnologie française 36, no. 2 (2006): 283–97.
Klaniczay, Gábor, and Balázs Trencsényi. ‘Mapping the Merry Ghetto: Musical Countercultures in East Central Europe, 1960–1989’. East Central Europe 38, no. 2–3 (1 October 2011): 169–79.
Klimke, Martin, Jacco Pekelder, and Joachim Scharloth, eds. Between Prague Spring and French May: Opposition and Revolt in Europe, 1960-1980. 1 edition. New York: Berghahn Books, 2011.
Klimke, Martin Joachim Scharloth (eds.), 1968 in Europe. A History of Protest and Activism, 1956-1977, New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2008.
Krasniqi, Gëzim. ‘Socialism, National Utopia, and Rock Music: Inside the Albanian Rock Scene of Yugoslavia, 1970–1989’. East Central Europe 38, no. 2–3 (1 October 2011): 336–54.
Lindenberger, Thomas. Herrschaft und Eigen-Sinn in der Diktatur. Köln: Böhlau Köln, 1999.
Mannheim, Karl. ‘The Problem of Generations’ in Philip G.Altback, Robert S.Laufer (eds.), The New Pilgrims, (New York: David McKay, 1972).
Marcuse, Herbert. The New Left and the 1960s: Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse. Routledge, 2004.
Péteri, György. Nylon Curtain: Transnational and Transsystemic Tendencies in the Cultural Life of State-Socialist Russia and East-Central Europe. Program on East European Cultures and Societies, 2006.
Pilcher, Jane. ‘Mannheim’s Sociology of Generations: An Undervalued Legacy’. The British Journal of Sociology 45, no. 3 (1994): 481–95.
Ryback, Timothy W. Rock Around the Bloc: A History of Rock Music in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Oxford University Press, 1990.
Ryder, Norman B. ‘The Cohort as a Concept in the Study of Social Change’. In Cohort Analysis in Social Research, 9–44. Springer, New York, 1985.
Roszak, Theodore. The Making of a Counterculture, Reflections on the Technocratic Society and its Youthful Opposition, Anchor Books, Doubleday and Company Inc., 1969.
Scott, James C. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts, Reprint edition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992)
Schuman, Howard, and Jacqueline Scott. ‘Generations and Collective Memories’. American Sociological Review 54, no. 3 (1989): 359–81.
Sherman, Daniel J., Ruud van Dijk, Jasmine Alinder, and A. Aneesh, eds. The Long 1968: Revisions and New Perspectives. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013.
Strauss, William & Howe, Neil. Generations. 5th Printing edition. New York: William Morrow & Co, 1991.
Suri, Jeremi. The Global Revolutions of 1968. W.W. Norton, 2007.
Szőnyei, Tamás. ‘Kept on File: The Secret Service's Activities against Popular Music in Hungary, 1960–1990’. East Central Europe 38, no. 2–3 (1 October 2011): 199–220.
Tismaneanu, Vladimir. Promises of 1968. First edition. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2011.
Tismaneanu Vladimir, ‘Menestrelul comunismului dinastic sau cine a fost Adrian Paunescu’, Contributors.ro, accessed 13 February 2018, http://www.contributors.ro/cultura/menestrelul-comunismului-dinastic-sau-cine-a-fost-adrian-paunescu/.
Twenge, Jean M., and Stacy M. Campbell. ‘Generational Differences in Psychological Traits and Their Impact on the Workplace’. Journal of Managerial Psychology 23, no. 8 (7 November 2008): 862–77.
Wessendorf, Susanne. Second-Generation Transnationalism and Roots Migration. Routledge, 2016.
European University Institute, Florence, Italy Italy
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2406-6923
Adrian Matus is a PhD researcher at the European University Institute in Florence. He is a member of the Nationalism Working Group and his current research is focused on spectra of 1968 in Eastern and Central Europe.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The Copyright Holder of the submitted text is the Author. The Reader is granted the rights to use the material available in the RIAS websites and pdf documents under the provisions of the Creative CommonsAttribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0). Any commercial use requires separate written agreement with the Author and a proper credit line indicating the source of the original publication in RIAS.
- License
The University of Silesia Press provides immediate open access to journal’s content under the Creative Commons BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors who publish with this journal retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned CC BY 4.0 license.
- Author’s Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s.
If the article contains illustrative material (drawings, photos, graphs, maps), the author declares that the said works are of his authorship, they do not infringe the rights of the third party (including personal rights, i.a. the authorization to reproduce physical likeness) and the author holds exclusive proprietary copyrights. The author publishes the above works as part of the article under the licence "Creative Commons Attribution - By the same conditions 4.0 International".
ATTENTION! When the legal situation of the illustrative material has not been determined and the necessary consent has not been granted by the proprietary copyrights holders, the submitted material will not be accepted for editorial process. At the same time the author takes full responsibility for providing false data (this also regards covering the costs incurred by the University of Silesia Press and financial claims of the third party).
- User Rights
Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, the users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) the article for any purpose, provided they attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor.
- Co-Authorship
If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
I hereby declare that in the event of withdrawal of the text from the publishing process or submitting it to another publisher without agreement from the editorial office, I agree to cover all costs incurred by the University of Silesia in connection with my application.
