Positive Language Education: Combining Positive Education and Language Education



Abstract

In this paper, we discuss the notion of Positive Language Education (PLE), which stems from a combination of Positive Education and Language Education. We suggest that there are good reasons for language educators to engage in enhancing 21st century skills alongside the promotion of linguistic skills. One key set of 21st century competences that would have academic and non-academic benefits are those which promote wellbeing. Wellbeing is indeed the foundation for effective learning and a good life more generally. Drawing on ideas from Content and Integrated Language Learning and Positive Education, PLE involves integrating non-linguistic and linguistic aims in sustainable ways which do not compromise the development of either skill set, or overburden educators. We believe that there are strong foundations on which to build a framework of PLE. Firstly, many language teachers already promote many wellbeing competences, in order to facilitate language learning. There is also a growing body of research on Positive Psychology in Second Language Acquisition on which further empirical work with PLE interventions can be developed. Building on the theoretical arguments put forward in this paper, we call for an empirically validated framework of PLE, which can be implemented in diverse cultural and linguistic settings.


Keywords

SLA; positive psychology; education; wellbeing; PERMA; 21st century skills

Adler, A., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2016). Using wellbeing for public policy: Theory, measurement, and recommendations. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v6i1.429

Aked, J., Marks, N., Cordon, C., & Thompson, S. (2008). Five ways to wellbeing: The evidence. United Kingdom: New Economics Foundation. Retrieved from http://neweconomics.org/2008/10/five-ways-to-wellbeing-the-evidence/

Arnold, J., & Murphey, T. (2013). Meaningful action: Earl Stevick’s influence on language teaching. Cambridge University Press.

Bak, T. H., & Mehmedbegovic, D. (2017). Healthy linguistic diet: The value of linguistic diversity and language learning across the lifespan. Languages, Society & Policy. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.9854

Benninga, J. S., Berkowitz, M. W., Kuehn, P., & Smith, K. (2006). Character and academics: What good schools do. Phi Delta Kappan, 87(6), 448–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/003172170608700610

Bernard, M. E., & Walton, K. (2011). The effect of you can do it! Education in six schools on student perceptions of well-being, teaching-learning and relationships. The Journal of Student Wellbeing, 5(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.21913/JSW.v5i1.679

Bolier, L., Haverman, M., Westerhof, G. J., Riper, H., Smit, F., & Bohlmeijer, E. (2013). Positive psychology interventions: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. BMC Public Health, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-119

Butler, J., & Kern, M. L. (2016). The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v6i3.526

Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Steca, P., & Malone, P. S. (2006). Teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of job satisfaction and students’ academic achievement: A study at the school level. Journal of School Psychology, 44(6), 473–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2006.09.001

Capstick, T., & Delaney, M. (2016). Language for resilience: The role of language in enhancing the resilience of Syrian refugees and host communities. The British Council. Retrieved from https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/language-for-resilience-report-en.pdf

Claxton, G. (2008). What’s the point of school?: Rediscovering the heart of education. Oneworld Publications.

Cohn, M. A., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2009). Positive emotions. In S.J. Lopez, & C.R. Snyder (Eds.), The oxford handbook of positive psychology (2nd ed.): Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0003

Cook, V. (2013). What are the goals of language teaching? Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, 1(1), 44–56.

Coyle, D., Hood, P., & Marsh, D. (2010). Content and language integrated learning. Ernst Klett Sprachen.

Craig, C. (2009). Well-being in schools: The curious case of the tail wagging the dog? Retrieved from http://www.centreforconfidence.co.uk/docs/The_curiouscase.pdf

Czimmerman, E. & Piniel, K. (2016). Advanced language learners’ experiences of flow in the Hungarian EFL classroom. In P.D. MacIntyre, T. Gregersen, & S. Mercer (Eds.). Positive psychology in SLA (pp. 193-214). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

De Costa, P. I., & Norton, B. (2017). Introduction: Identity, transdisciplinarity, and the good language teacher. The Modern Language Journal, 101(S1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12368

Department of Health and Social Care (2011). No health without mental health: A cross-government mental health outcomes strategy for people of all ages. London: HM Government. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/213761/dh_124058.pdf

Dewhirst, S., Pickett, K., Speller, V., Shepherd, J., Byrne, J., Almond, P., … Roderick, P. (2014). Are trainee teachers being adequately prepared to promote the health and well-being of school children? A survey of current practice. Journal of Public Health, 36(3), 467–475. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdt103

Diener, E., & Chan, M. Y. (2011). Happy people live longer: Subjective well-being contributes to health and longevity: health benefits of happiness. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3(1), 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01045.x

Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. (2009). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and life satisfaction. The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0017

Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00501001.x

Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y

Dörnyei, Z., & Ryan, S. (2015). The psychology of the language learner revisited. Routledge.

Dörnyei, Z., & Ushioda, E. (Eds.). (2009). Motivation, language identity and the L2 self. Multilingual Matters.

Duckworth, A. L., Quinn, P. D., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2009). Positive predictors of teacher effectiveness. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(6), 540–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760903157232

Duckworth, A. L., Steen, T. A., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Positive psychology in clinical practice. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 629–651. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144154

Ecclestone, K. (2012). From emotional and psychological well-being to character education: Challenging policy discourses of behavioural science and ‘vulnerability.’ Research Papers in Education, 27(4), 463–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2012.690241

Ecclestone, K., & Hayes, D. (2009a). Changing the subject: The educational implications of developing emotional well‐being. Oxford Review of Education, 35(3), 371–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054980902934662

Ecclestone, K., & Hayes, D. (2009b). The dangerous rise of therapeutic education. London: New York: Routledge.

Eid, M., & Diener, E. (2004). Global judgments of subjective well-being: Situational variability and long-term stability. Social Indicators Research, 65(3), 245–277. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SOCI.0000003801.89195.bc

Estrada, C. A., Isen, A. M., & Young, M. J. (1994). Positive affect improves creative problem solving and influences reported source of practice satisfaction in physicians. Motivation and Emotion, 18(4), 285–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02856470

Eisenberg, D., Gollust, S. E., Golberstein, E., & Hefner, J. L. (2007). Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality among university students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(4), 534–542. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.77.4.534

Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., & Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: A systematic review. The Lancet, 365(9467), 1309–1314. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)61027-6

Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 300–319. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.300

Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Positive emotions broaden and build. In P. Devine & A. Plant (Eds.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 47, pp. 1–53). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407236-7.00001-2

Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought‐action repertoires. Cognition & Emotion, 19(3), 313–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930441000238

Fredrickson, B. L., & Cohn, M. A. (2008). Positive emotions. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, & L. Feldman Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 777–796). New York: Guilford Press.

Gilman, R., & Huebner, E. S. (2006). Characteristics of adolescents who report very high life satisfaction. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(3), 293–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9036-7

Goodman, F. R., Disabato, D. J., Kashdan, T. B., & Kauffman, S. B. (2017). Measuring well-being: A comparison of subjective well-being and PERMA. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1388434

Gregersen, T., MacIntyre, P.D., Hein Finegan, K., Talbot, K., & Claman, S. (2014). Examining emotional intelligence within the context of positive psychology interventions. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 4(2), 327-354.

Gregersen, T., MacIntyre, P., & Meza, M. (2016) Positive psychology exercises build social capital for language learners: Preliminary evidence. In T. Gregersen, P. MacIntyre, & S. Mercer (Eds.), Positive psychology in SLA (pp. 146–167). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.

Griffin, P., & Care, E. (2015). The ATC21S method. In P. Griffin & E. Care (Eds.), Assessment and teaching of 21st Century Skills (pp. 3–33). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9395-7_1

Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). Burnout and work engagement among teachers. Journal of School Psychology, 43(6), 495–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2005.11.001

Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. (2017). World happiness report 2017. New York, N.Y.: Sustainable Development Solutions Network.

Hidaka, B. H. (2012). Depression as a disease of modernity: Explanations for increasing prevalence. Journal of Affective Disorders, 140(3), 205–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.036

Hiver, P. (2016). The triumph over experience: Hope and hardiness in novice L2 teachers. In P.D. MacIntyre, T. Gregersen, & S. Mercer (Eds.). Positive psychology in SLA (pp. 168-179). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

IPEN. (n.d.). Retrieved February 22, 2018, from http://www.ipen-network.com/

Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., & Nowicki, G. P. (1987). Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(6), 1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1122

Jane Costello, E., Erkanli, A., & Angold, A. (2006). Is there an epidemic of child or adolescent depression? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(12), 1263–1271. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01682.x

Judge, T. A., & Bono, J. E. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluations traits—self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability—with job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.80

Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., & Patton, G. K. (2001). The job satisfaction–job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 127(3), 376–407. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.376

Kahneman, D., Diener, E., & Schwarz, N. (1999). Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology. Russell Sage Foundation.

King, R. B., & Areepattamannil, S. (2014). What students feel in school influences the strategies they use for learning: academic emotions and cognitive/meta-cognitive strategies. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 8(01), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/prp.2014.3

King, R. B., McInerney, D. M., Ganotice, F. A., & Villarosa, J. B. (2015). Positive affect catalyzes academic engagement: Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and experimental evidence. Learning and Individual Differences, 39, 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.03.005

Lake, J. (2016). Accentuate the positive: Conceptual and empirical development of the positive L2 self and its relationship to L2 proficiency. In P.D. MacIntyre, T. Gregersen, & S. Mercer (Eds.). Positive psychology in SLA (pp. 237-257). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

Layous, K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). The how, why, what, when, and who of happiness. In J. Gruber & J. T. Moskowitz (Eds.), Positive emotion: Integrating the light sides and dark sides (pp. 473–495). New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press.

Leiter, M. P., & Cooper, C. L. (2017). The state of the art of workplace wellbeing. In C. L. Cooper & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), The Routledge companion to wellbeing at work (pp. 1–10). Taylor & Francis.

Lu, L., & Gilmour, R. (2004). Culture and conceptions of happiness: Individual oriented and social oriented SWB. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5(3), 269–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-004-8789-5

Lyubomirsky, S., & Layous, K. (2013). How do simple positive activities increase well-being? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(1), 57–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412469809

MacIntyre, P. D. (2016). So far so good: An overview of positive psychology and its contributions to sla. In D. Gabryś-Barker & D. Gałajda (Eds.), Positive psychology perspectives on foreign language learning and teaching (pp. 3–20). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32954-3_1

MacIntyre, P. D., & Mercer, S. (2014). Introducing positive psychology to SLA. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 2, 153–172. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2014.4.2.2

Marsh, S. (2017, May 23). Number of university dropouts due to mental health problems trebles. Retrieved February 22, 2018, from http://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/may/23/number-university-dropouts-due-to-mental-health-problems-trebles

McManus, S., Bebbington, P., Jenkins, R., & Brugha, T. (Eds.). (2014). Mental health and wellbeing in England: Adult psychiatric morbidity survey 2014. Leeds: NHS Digital. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/556596/apms-2014-full-rpt.pdf

Mojtabai, R., Olfson, M., & Han, B. (2016). National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. PEDIATRICS, 138(6), e20161878–e20161878. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1878

Mongrain, M., & Anselmo-Matthews, T. (2012). Do positive psychology exercises work? A replication of Seligman et al. (2005). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(4), 382-389. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21839

Murphey, T. (2014). Singing well-becoming: Student musical therapy case studies. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 4(2), 205-236.

Murphey, T. (2016). Teaching to learn and well-become: Many mini renaissances. In P.D. MacIntyre, T. Gregersen, & S. Mercer (Eds.). Positive psychology in SLA (pp. 324-343). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

Nielsen, S. S., Norredam, M., Christiansen, K. L., Obel, C., Hilden, J., & Krasnik, A. (2008). Mental health among children seeking asylum in Denmark – the effect of length of stay and number of relocations: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-293

Noble, T., & McGrath, H. (2008). The positive educational practices framework: A tool for facilitating the work of educational psychologists in promoting pupil wellbeing. Educational and Child Psychology, 25(2), 119–134.

Noble, T., Wyatt, T., McGrath, H., Carbines, R., & Leone, R. (n.d.). Scoping study into approaches to student wellbeing (Final Report). Brisbane, Qld: Australian Catholic University and Erebus International. Retrieved from https://docs.education.gov.au/documents/scoping-study-approaches-student-wellbeing-final-report

Norrish, J. M. (2015). Positive education: The Geelong Grammar School journey. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198702580.001.0001

OECD. (2016). OECD: Strategic orientations of the secretary general. Paris. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/mcm/documents/strategic-orientations-of-the-secretary-general-2016.pdf

OECD PISA 2018 Global Competence. (2018). Retrieved February 23, 2018, from http://www.oecd.org/pisa/pisa-2018-global-competence.htm

Pekrun, R., Goetz, T., Frenzel, A. C., Barchfeld, P., & Perry, R. P. (2011). Measuring emotions in students’ learning and performance: The Achievement Emotions Questionnaire (AEQ). Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36(1), 36–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2010.10.002

P21: Partnership for 21st Century Learning. (n.d.). Retrieved February 22, 2018, from http://www.p21.org/

PZ50: Project Zero: Fifty Years. (n.d.). Retrieved February 23, 2018, from http://www.pz.harvard.edu/

Quinn, P. D., & Duckworth, A. L. (2007). Happiness and academic achievement: Evidence for reciprocal causality. In The Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Society (Vol. 24, p. 2007).

Rowe, G., Hirsh, J. B., & Anderson, A. K. (2007). Positive affect increases the breadth of attentional selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(1), 383–388. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605198104

Sammons, P., Day, C., Kington, A., Gu, Q., Stobart, G., & Smees, R. (2007). Exploring variations in teachers’ work, lives and their effects on pupils: Key findings and implications from a longitudinal mixed‐method study. British Educational Research Journal, 33(5), 681–701. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920701582264

Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. New York, NY: Free Press.

Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5

Seligman, M. E. P., Ernst, R. M., Gillham, J., Reivich, K., & Linkins, M. (2009). Positive education: Positive psychology and classroom interventions. Oxford Review of Education, 35(3), 293–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054980902934563

Sin, N. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009). Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: A practice-friendly meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 467–487. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20593

Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2010). Teacher self-efficacy and teacher burnout: A study of relations. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(4), 1059–1069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2009.11.001

Skrove, M., Romundstad, P., & Indredavik, M. S. (2013). Resilience, lifestyle and symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescence: The Young-HUNT study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48(3), 407–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-012-0561-2

Spence, S. H., & Shortt, A. L. (2007). Research review: Can we justify the widespread dissemination of universal, school-based interventions for the prevention of depression among children and adolescents? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(6), 526–542. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01738.x

Strambi, A., Luzeckyj, A., & Rubino, A. (2017). Flourishing in a second language (FL2): Integrating positive psychology, transition pedagogy and CLIL principles. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 40(2), 121–139. https://doi.org/10.1075/aral.40.2.03str

UNESCO - The four pillars of learning. (n.d.). Retrieved March 20, 2018, from http://www.unesco.org/new/en/education/networks/global-networks/aspnet/about-us/strategy/the-four-pillars-of-learning/

Veenhoven, R. (2008). Healthy happiness: Effects of happiness on physical health and the consequences for preventive health care. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(3), 449–469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9042-1

Verkuyten, M., & Thijs, J. (2002). School satisfaction of elementary school children: The role of performance, peer relations, ethnicity and gender. Social Indicators Research, 59(2), 203–228. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016279602893

Villavicencio, F. T., & Bernardo, A. B. I. (2013). Positive academic emotions moderate the relationship between self-regulation and academic achievement. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(2), 329–340. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8279.2012.02064.x

Waters, L. (2011). A review of school-based positive psychology interventions. The Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 28(02), 75–90. https://doi.org/10.1375/aedp.28.2.75

White, M. A. (2011). Positive education. In L. Bormans (Ed.), Geluk. The world book of happiness. Lannoo Meulenhoff - Belgium.

White, M. A. (2016). Why won’t it stick? Positive psychology and positive education. Psychology of Well-Being, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13612-016-0039-1

World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders: Global health estimates. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/254610/1/WHO-MSD-MER-2017.2-eng.pdf

Xu, J., & Roberts, R. E. (2010). The power of positive emotions: It’s a matter of life or death—Subjective well-being and longevity over 28 years in a general population. Health Psychology, 29(1), 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016767

Zhivotovskaya. (n.d.). The Flourishing Center. Retrieved February 22, 2018, from https://theflourishingcenter.com/

Zivin, K., Eisenberg, D., Gollust, S. E., & Golberstein, E. (2009). Persistence of mental health problems and needs in a college student population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 117(3), 180–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.01.001


Published : 2018-12-14


MercerS., MacIntyreP., GregersenT., & TalbotK. (2018). Positive Language Education: Combining Positive Education and Language Education. Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition, 4(2). Retrieved from https://journals.us.edu.pl/index.php/TAPSLA/article/view/7011

Sarah Mercer  sarah.mercer@uni-graz.at
University of Graz  Austria
Peter MacIntyre 
Cape Breton University  Canada
Tammy Gregersen 
Kyle Talbot 



Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

The Copyright Holders of the submitted texts are the Authors. The Reader is granted the rights to use the material available in the TAPSLA websites and pdf documents under the provisions of the Creative Commons 4.0 International License: Attribution - Share Alike  (CC BY-SA 4.0). The user is free to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and to remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.

1. License

The University of Silesia Press provides immediate open access to journal’s content under the Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Authors who publish with this journal retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned CC BY-SA 4.0 license.

2. Author’s Warranties

The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s.

If the article contains illustrative material (drawings, photos, graphs, maps), the author declares that the said works are of his authorship, they do not infringe the rights of the third party (including personal rights, i.a. the authorization to reproduce physical likeness) and the author holds exclusive proprietary copyrights. The author publishes the above works as part of the article under the licence "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International".

ATTENTION! When the legal situation of the illustrative material has not been determined and the necessary consent has not been granted by the proprietary copyrights holders, the submitted material will not be accepted for editorial process. At the same time the author takes full responsibility for providing false data (this also regards covering the costs incurred by the University of Silesia Press and financial claims of the third party).

3. User Rights

Under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license, the users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) the article for any purpose, provided they attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor.

4. Co-Authorship

If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.

I hereby declare that in the event of withdrawal of the text from the publishing process or submitting it to another publisher without agreement from the editorial office, I agree to cover all costs incurred by the University of Silesia in connection with my application.