Abramson, A. S., & Whalen, D. H. (2017). Voice onset time (VOT) at 50: Theoretical and practical issues in measuring voicing distinctions. Journal of Phonetics, 63, 75–86.
Google Scholar
Ahn, K. (2011). Conceptualization of American English native speaker norms: A case study of an English language classroom in South Korea. Asia Pacific Education Review, 12, 691–702.
Google Scholar
Allen, J. S., Miller, J. L., & DeSteno, D. (2003). Individual talker differences in voice-onset-time. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 113(544). https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1528172
Google Scholar
Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68, 255–278.
Google Scholar
Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2014). {lme4}: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4. R Package version 1.1–7.
Google Scholar
Beckman, J., Helgason, P., McMurray, B., & Ringen, C. (2011). Rate effects on Swedish VOT: Evidence for phonological overspecification. Journal of Phonetics, 39(1), 39–49.
Google Scholar
Berg, T., & Koops, C. (2010). The interplay of left- and right-branching effects: A phonotactic analysis of Korean syllable structure. Lingua, 120(1), 35–49.
Google Scholar
Berry, J., & Moyle, M. (2011). Covariation among vowel height effects on acoustic measures. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 130, EL 365.
Google Scholar
Boersma, P., & Weenink, D. (2019). Praat, http://www.praat.org (Version 6.0.46).
Google Scholar
Brysbaert, M., Buchmeier, M., Conrad, M., Jacobs, A. M., Boelte, J., & Boehl, A. (2011). The word frequency effect: A review of recent developments and implications for the coice of frequency estimates in German. Experimental Psychology, 58(5), 412.
Google Scholar
Bybee, J. (2001). Phonology and language use. Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
Bybee, J. (2002). Word frequency and context of use in the lexical diffusion of phonetically conditioned sound change. Language Variation and Change, 14, 261–290.
Google Scholar
Bybee, J. (2007). Frequency of use and the organisation of language. Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Chang, C. B., & Kwon, S. (2020). The contributions of crosslinguistic influence and individual differences to nonnative speech perception. Languages, 5(4), 49.
Google Scholar
Cho, Y.-H. (2005). VOT and its effect on the syllable duration in Busan Korean. Speech Sciences, 12(3), 153–164.
Google Scholar
Chodroff, E., Godfrey, J., Khudanpur, S., & Wilson, C. (2015). Structured variability in acoustic realization: A corpus study of voice onset time in American English stops. Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences.
Google Scholar
Council of Europe. (2018). Common European framework of reference for languages: Learning, teaching, assessment. Companion volume with new descriptors.
Google Scholar
Davidson, L. (2016). Variability in the implementation of voicing in American English obstruents. Journal of Phonetics, 545, 35–50.
Google Scholar
Dobson, A. J. (2002). An introduction to generalized linear models. Chapman & Hall/ CRC.
Google Scholar
Docherty, G. J., Watt, D. J. L., Llamas, C., Hall, D. J., & Nycz, J. (2011). Variation in voice onset time along the Scottish-English border. Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 591–594.
Google Scholar
Esposito, A. (2002). On vowel height and consonantal voicing effects: Data from Italian. Phonetica, 59, 197–231.
Google Scholar
Everett, C. (2018). The similar rates of occurrence of consonants across the world’s languages: A quantitative analysis of phonetically transcribed word lists. Language Sciences, 69, 125–135.
Google Scholar
Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS. London: Sage Publications.
Google Scholar
Fischer-Jørgensen, E. (1980). Temporal relations in Danish tautosyllabic CV sequences with stop consonants. Annu. Rep. Inst. Phonet. (University of Copenhagen), 14, 207–261.
Google Scholar
Forstmeier, W., & Schielzeth, H. (2011). Cryptic multiple hypotheses testing in linear models: Overestimated effect sizes and the winner's curse. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 65, 47–55.
Google Scholar
Fricke, M., Baese-Berk, M., & Goldrick, M. (2016). Dimensions of similarity in the mental lexicon. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 31(5), 639–645.
Google Scholar
Frisch, S. A., Large, N. R., & Pisoni, D. B. (2000). Perception of wordlikeness: Effects of segment probability and length on the processing of nonwords. Journal of Memory & Language, 42, 481–496.
Google Scholar
Garofolo, J., Lamel, L., Fisher, W., Fiscus, J., Pallett, D., & Dahlgren, N. (1993). TIMIT: Acoustic-phonetic continuous speech vorpus. Linguistic Data Consortium.
Google Scholar
Gilquin, G., de Cock, S., & Granger, S. (2010). Louvain International Database of Spoken English Interlanguage. Presses Universitaires de Louvain.
Google Scholar
Goldhahn, D., Eckart, T., & Quasthoff, U. (2012). Building large monolingual dictionaries at the Leipzig Corpora Collection: From 100 to 200 languages. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 8th International Language Ressources Evaluation (LREC’12).
Google Scholar
Grassegger, H. (1996). Koartikulatorische Einflüsse auf die Produktion von Anlautplosiven bei österreichischen (steirischen) Sprechern. In A. Braun (Ed.), Untersuchungen zu Stimme und Sprache – Papers on speech and voice (pp. 19–32). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.
Google Scholar
Hunnicutt, L., & Morris, P. (2016). Pre-voicing and aspiration in Southern American English. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 22, 215–224.
Google Scholar
Ishikawa, S. (2013). The ICNALE and sophisticated contrastive interlanguage analysis of Asian learners of English. In S. Ishikawa (Ed.), Learner corpus studies in Asia and the world (pp. 91–118). Kobe, Japan: Kobe University.
Google Scholar
Jucker, A., S., M., & Smith, S. (2006). GLBCC (Giessen – Long Beach Chaplin Corpus). In Oxford Text Archive.
Google Scholar
Kang, Y. (2014). Voice onset time merger and development of tonal contrast in Seoul Korean stops: A corpus study. Journal of Phonetics, 45, 76–90.
Google Scholar
Kartushina, N., Hervais-Adelman, A., Frauenfelder, U. H., & Golestani, N. (2015). The effect of phonetic production training with visual feedback on the perception and production of foreign speech sounds. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 138(2), 817–832.
Google Scholar
Kim, J. (2015). Effects of phonotactic probabilities on syllable structure. Working Papers in LInguistics, 46(3), 1–16.
Google Scholar
Kim, J., & Davis, C. (2002). Using Korean to investigate phonological priming effects without the influence of orthography. Language and Cognitive Processes, 17, 569–591.
Google Scholar
Kim, J.-Y., & Lee, Y. (2011). A study of Korean syllable structure: Evidence from rhyming patterns in Korean contemporary rap-songs. Sociolinguistics Journal of Korea, 19, 1–22.
Google Scholar
Kim, J. Y. (2010). L2 Korean phonology. VDM.
Google Scholar
Klatt, D. H. (1975). Voice-onset time, frication, and aspiration in word-initial consonant clusters. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 18, 686–706.
Google Scholar
Koenig, L. L. (2000). Laryngeral factors in voiceless consonant production in men, women, and 5-year-olds. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 43, 1211–1228.
Google Scholar
Lee, H. B., Jin, N., Seong, C., Jung, I., & Lee, S. (1994). An experimental phonetic study of speech rhythm in Standard Korean. Paper presented at the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP), Yokohama, Japan.
Google Scholar
Levy, H., & Hanulikova, A. (2019). Variation in children’s vowel production: Effects of language exposure and lexical frequency. Laboratory Phonology: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Phonology, 10(9), 1–26.
Google Scholar
Lipani, L. (2019). Voice onset time variation in natural southern speech. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 146(4). https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5137433
Google Scholar
Luce, P. A., & Large, N. R. (2001). Phonotactics, density, and entropy in spoken word recognition. Language and Cognitive Processes, 16, 565–581.
Google Scholar
Luef, E. M. (2020). Development of voice onset time in an ongoing phonetic differentiation in Austrian German plosives: Reversing a near-merger. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft, 39(1), 79-101. https://doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2019-2006
Google Scholar
Maddieson, I. (1984). Patterns of sounds. Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
Marian, V., Bartolotti, J., Chabal, S., & Shook, A. (2012). CLEARPOND: Cross-linguistic easy access resource for phonological and orthographic neighborhood densities. PLoS ONE, 7(8), e43230.
Google Scholar
Martos, G., Muñoz, A., & González, J. (2013). On the generalization of the Mahalanobis distance. In J. Ruiz-Shulcloper & G. Sanniti di Baja (Eds.), Progress in pattern recognition, image analysis, computer vision, and applications (Vol. 8258). Springer.
Google Scholar
Moosmüller, S. (1987). Soziophonetische Variation im gegenwärtigen Wiener Deutsch: Eine empirische Untersuchung. Franz Steiner.
Google Scholar
Moosmüller, S., & Ringen, C. (2004). Voice and aspiration in Austrian German plosives. Folia Linguistica, 38, 43–62.
Google Scholar
Moosmüller, S., Schmid, C., & Brandstätter, J. (2015). Standard Austrian German. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45(3), 339–348.
Google Scholar
Morris, P. A. (2018). Rate effects on Southern American English VOT. Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America, 3(60), 1–10.
Google Scholar
Mortensen, J., & Tøndering, J. (2013). The effect of vowel height on voice onset time in stop consonants in CV sequences in spontaneous Danish. Paper presented at the Proceedings of Fonetik 2013, Linköping, Sweden.
Google Scholar
Ohala, J. J. (1983). The origin of sound patterns in vocal tract constraints. In P. F. MacNeilage (Ed.), The production of speech (pp. 73–95). Springer.
Google Scholar
Phillips, B. (1984). Word frequency and the actuation of sound change. Language, 60(2), 320–342.
Google Scholar
Phillips, B. (2006). Word frequency and lexical diffusion. Palgrave Macmillan.
Google Scholar
Pierrehumbert, J. B. (2001). Exemplar dynamics: Word frequency, lenition, and contrast. In J. Bybee & P. Hopper (Eds.), Frequency effects and the emergence of lexical structure (pp. 137–157). John Benjamins.
Google Scholar
Port, R. (1983). Isochrony in speech. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 73, 66.
Google Scholar
Quinn, G. P., & Keough, M. J. (2002). Experimental designs and data analysis for biologists. Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
RStudio Team (2020). RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio, PBC, Boston, MA. http://www.rstudio.com/.
Google Scholar
Romani, C., Galuzzi, C., Guariglia, C., & Goslin, J. (2017). Comparing phoneme frequency, age of acquisition, and loss in aphasia: Implications for phonological universals. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 34(7–8), 449–471.
Google Scholar
Salem, N., & Hussein, S. (2019). Data dimensional reduction and principal components analysis. Procedia Computer Science, 163, 292–299.
Google Scholar
Schoonmaker-Gates, E. (2015). On voice-onset time as a cue to foreign accent in Spanish: Native and nonnative perceptions. Hispania, 98(4), 779–791.
Google Scholar
Schuppler, B., Hagmueller, M., Morales-Cordovilla, J. A., & Pressentheiner, H. (2014). GRASS: The Graz Corpus of Read and Spontaneous Speech. Paper presented at the 9th edition of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Google Scholar
Schweitzer, K., Walsh, M., Calhoun, S., Schuetze, H., Moebius, B., Schweitzer, A., & Dogil, G. (2015). Exploring the relationship between intonation and the lexicon: Evidence for lexicalised storage of intonation. Speech communication, 66, 65–81.
Google Scholar
Shin, J. Y. (2008). Phoneme and syllable frequencies of Korean based on the analysis of spontaneous speech data (Seongin jayu balhwa jaryo bunseogeul batangeuro han hangueoui eumso mit eumjeol gwallyeon bindo). Eoneocheonggakjangaeyeongu, 13(2), 193–215.
Google Scholar
Shin, J. Y., Kiaer, J., & Cha, J. (2013). The sounds of Korean. Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
Siebs, T., de Boor, H., Moser, H., & Winkler, C. (1969). Siebs deutsche Aussprache: Reine und gemäßigte Hochlautung mit Aussprachewörterbuch. de Gruyter.
Google Scholar
Silva, D. J. (2004). Phonological mapping as dynamic: The evolving contrastive relationship between English and Korean. Linguistic Research, 21, 57–74.
Google Scholar
Silva, D. J. (2006). Variation in voice onset time for Korean stops. Korean Linguistics, 13, 1–16.
Google Scholar
Skarnitzl, R., & Rumlová, J. (2019). Phonetic aspects of strongly-accented Czech speakers of English. Phonetica Pragensia, 2, 109–128. https://doi.org/10.14712/24646830.2019.21
Google Scholar
Sonderegger, M. (2015). Trajectories of voice onet time in spontaneous speech on reality TC. Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences.
Google Scholar
Stoehr, A., Benders, T., van Hell, J. G., & Fikkert, P. (2017). Second language attainment and first language attrition: The case of VOT in. immersed Dutch-German late bilinguals. Second Language Research, 33(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658317704261
Google Scholar
Storkel, H. L. (2001). Learning new words: Phonotactic probability in language development. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 44, 1321–1337.
Google Scholar
Storkel, H. L., Armbruster, J., & Hogan, T. P. (2006). Differentiating phonotatic probability and neighborhood density in adult word learning. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 49, 1175–1192.
Google Scholar
Storkel, H. L., & Maekawa, J. (2005). A comparison of homonym and novel word learning: The role of phonotactic probability and word frequency. Journal of Child Language, 32, 827–853.
Google Scholar
Storkel, H. L., & Rogers, M. A. (2000). The effect of probabilistic phonotactics on lexical acquisition. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 14, 407–425.
Google Scholar
Todd, S., Pierrehumbert, J. B., & Hay, J. B. (2019). Word frequency effects in sound change as a consequence of perceptual asymmetries: An exemplar-based model. Cognition, 185, 1–20.
Google Scholar
Vitevitch, M. S. (1997). The neighborhood characteristic of malapropisms. Language and Speech, 40, 211–228.
Google Scholar
Vitevitch, M. S., Armbruster, J., & Chu, S. (2004). Sublexical and lexical representations in speech production: Effects of phonotactic probability and onset density. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 1–16.
Google Scholar
Vitevitch, M. S., & Luce, P. A. (1998). When words compete: Levels of processing in perception of spoken words. Psychological Science, 9, 325–329.
Google Scholar
Vitevitch, M. S., & Luce, P. A. (1999). Probabilistic phonotactics and neighborhood activation in spoken word recognition. Journal of Memory & Language, 40, 374–408.
Google Scholar
Vitevitch, M. S., & Sommers, M. (2003). The facilitative influence of phonological similarity and neighborhood frequency in speech production. Memory & Cognition, 31, 491–504.
Google Scholar
Vogel, A. P., Maruff, P., Snyder, P. J., & Mundt, J. C. (2009). Standardization of pitch range setting in voice acoustic analysis. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 318–324.
Google Scholar
Watt, D., & Yurkova, J. (2007). Voice onset time and the Scottish vowel length rule in Aberdeen English. Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 1521–1524.
Google Scholar
Weber, A., & Cutler, A. (2006). First-language phonotactics in second-language listening. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 119(1), 597–607.
Google Scholar
Whiteside, S. P., Hanson, A., & Cowell, P. E. (2004). Hormones and temporal components of speech: Sex differences and effects of menstrual cyclicity on speech. Neuroscience Letters, 367(1), 44–47.
Google Scholar
Witzel, N., Witzel, J., & Choi, Y. (2013). The locus of the masked onset priming effect: Evidence from Korean. The Mental Lexicon, 8, 339–352.
Google Scholar