English Language Attrition in Teachers: Questions of Language Proficiency, Language Maintenance and Language Attitudes
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the attrition of English in English language teachers whose native language is Polish. It focuses on the attrition of more advanced vocabulary and structures which are taught in English Philology departments at universities, but which may not be necessary for teachers who teach at the lower levels of education and, as a consequence, they may be especially prone to attrition. At the same time, the study includes a questionnaire aiming to reveal the participants’ attitudes towards linguistic correctness and their strategies of language maintenance. As the results show, some attrition can indeed be observed, yet it must also be remarked that the teachers do try to maintain their proficiency levels in English by using the language in various ways, such as reading books and articles in English, watching films in English, talking to native speakers, etc.
Keywords
language attrition; advanced users of English as L2; English language teachers; language maintenance
References
Ajzen, I. (1988) Attitudes, Personality and Behaviour. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
Andersen, R.W. (1982) Determining the linguistic attributes of language attrition. In R. Lambert, B. Freed (eds.) The Loss of Language Skills (pp. 83-118). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Baker, C. (1992, reprinted 1995) Attitudes and Language. Clevedon/Philadelphia/Adelaide: Multilingual Matters.
Bardovi-Harlig, K. and Stringer, D. (2010) Variables in Second Language Attrition. Advancing the State of he Art. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 32 (1), 4-45.
Cherciov, M. (2013) Investigating the impact of attitude on first language attrition and second language acquisition from a Dynamic Systems Theory perspective. International Journal of Biligualism 17 (6), 716-733.
De Bot, K. and Clyne, M. (1994) A 16-year longitudinal study of language attrition in Dutch immigrants in Australia. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 15 (1), 17-18.
Dubin, F. and Olshtain, E. (1993) Predicting Word Meanings from Contextual Clues: Evidence From L1 Readers. In T. Huckin, M. Haynes and J. Coady (eds.) Second Language Reading and Vocabulary Learning (pp. 181-202). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Herdina, P. and Jessner, U. (2002) A Dynamic Model of Multilingualism. Perspectives of Change in Psycholinguistics. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Herdina, P. and Jessner, U. (2013) The implications of language attrition for dynamic systems theory: Next steps and consequences. International Journal of Biligualism17 (6), 753-756.
Köpke, B. and Schmid, M.S. (2004) Language attrition: The next phase. In M.S. Schmid, B. Köpke, M. Keijzer and L. Weilemar (eds.) First language attrition: Interdisciplinary perspectives on methodological issues (pp. 1-43). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Moorcroft, R. and Gardner, R.C. (1987) Linguistic Factors in Second Language Loss. Language Learning 37 (3): 327-340.
Preston, D. (1982) How to lose a language. Interlanguage Studies Bulletin 6 (2): 64-87.
Riemer, C. (2005) Erwerb und Verlust von Fremdsprachen. Pilotstudien zum Verlust der L2 Französisch. Zeitschrift für Fremdsprachenforschung 16 (2): 217-233.
Rychło, M. (2008) The Educational Approach to Language Teaching. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Sajavaara, K. (1986) Transfer and second language speech processing. In E. Kellerman, M. Sharwood-Smith (eds.) Crosslinguistic Influence in Second Language Acquistion (pp. 66-79). Oxford/ Toronto/ Sydney/ Frankfurt: Pergamon Press.
Schmid, M.S. and Dusseldorp, E. (2010) Quantitative analyses in a multivariate study of language attrition. Second Language Research 26(1), 125-160.
Schmid, M.S., Köpke, B. and de Bot, K. (2013) Language attrition as a complex, non-linear development. International Journal of Biligualism17 (6), 675-682.
Seliger, H.W. and Vago, R.M. (1991) The study of first language attrition: an overview. In H.W. Seliger and R.M. Vago (eds.) First Language Attrition: Structural and Theoretical Perspectives (pp. 3-15). Cambridge/New York/Port Chester/Melbourne/Sydney: Cambridge University Press.
Sharwood-Smith, M. (1986) The Competence/Control Model, Crosslinguistic Influence and the Creation of New Grammars. In E. Kellerman and M. Sharwood-Smith (eds.) Crosslinguistic Influence in Second Language Acquisition (pp. 10-20). New York/Oxford/Toronto/Sydney/Frankfurt: Pergamon Press.
Sharwood-Smith, M.A. (1989) Crosslinguitic influence in language loss. In K. Hyltenstam, and L.K. Obler (eds.) Bilingualism across the lifespan: Aspects of acquisition, maturity and loss (pp. 185-201). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Szupica-Pyrzanowska, M. (2016) Language attrition – implications for second/foreign language acquisition. Lingwistyka Stosowana 16 (1), 109-120.
Włosowicz, T.M. (2012) Errors in the M.A. theses of English philology students: A matter of competence or control? In M. Dakowska and I. Banasiak-Ryba (eds.) Foreign Language Didactics and is Application in the Educational Setting (pp. 185-209). Łódź-Warszawa: Społeczna Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Zarządzania.
Włosowicz, T.M. (2016a) Gap-filling in English as L2 as a form of text construction using contextual cues. In H. Chodkiewicz, P. Steinbrich, and M. Krzemińska-Adamek (eds.) Working With Text and Around Text in Foreign Language Environments (pp. 173-190) Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Włosowicz, T.M (2016b) Adult Learners’ Expectations Concerning Foreign Language Teachers and the Teaching-Learning Process. In: D. Gabryś-Barker and D. Gałajda (eds.) Positive Psychology Perspectives on Foreign Language Learning and Teaching (pp. 267-285). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Zielonka, B. (2009) Must acquisition of articles be so difficult? In M; Wysocka (ed.) On language structure, acquisition and teaching. Studies in honour of Janusz Arabski on the occasion of his 70th birthday (pp.379-388). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego.
University of Social Sciences, Cracow Poland
Ph.D. in linguistics, academic teacher at the Department of English and American Studies at the University of Ostrava
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The Copyright Holders of the submitted texts are the Authors. The Reader is granted the rights to use the material available in the TAPSLA websites and pdf documents under the provisions of the Creative Commons 4.0 International License: Attribution - Share Alike (CC BY-SA 4.0). The user is free to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and to remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
1. License
The University of Silesia Press provides immediate open access to journal’s content under the Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Authors who publish with this journal retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned CC BY-SA 4.0 license.
2. Author’s Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s.
If the article contains illustrative material (drawings, photos, graphs, maps), the author declares that the said works are of his authorship, they do not infringe the rights of the third party (including personal rights, i.a. the authorization to reproduce physical likeness) and the author holds exclusive proprietary copyrights. The author publishes the above works as part of the article under the licence "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International".
ATTENTION! When the legal situation of the illustrative material has not been determined and the necessary consent has not been granted by the proprietary copyrights holders, the submitted material will not be accepted for editorial process. At the same time the author takes full responsibility for providing false data (this also regards covering the costs incurred by the University of Silesia Press and financial claims of the third party).
3. User Rights
Under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license, the users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) the article for any purpose, provided they attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor.
4. Co-Authorship
If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
I hereby declare that in the event of withdrawal of the text from the publishing process or submitting it to another publisher without agreement from the editorial office, I agree to cover all costs incurred by the University of Silesia in connection with my application.