Parmenides in his revolt of the first philosophy discarded the principle — arche and introduced in its place being — to eon. The effectivess of this revoltion of thought rested upon — among others — revealing a permanent connection between logic and ontology which connection was most seen in ‘signs of truth’, i.e. features of being. Two of these features — ‘unborn’ and ‘indesrtructible’ — show in a sense entanglement in the context of time whose consideration requires the analysis of Parmenides’ poem and insight into historical-philosophical development of the notion of time from the perspective of its use by natural philosophers in defining the principle — arche.

The aim of the paper is to briefly present the philosophy of Hans Wagner (1917-2000) as belonging to the last phase of the development of the German transcendental philosophy. Hans Wagner’s philosophy is presented as an attempt to synthesize earlier positions developed on the basis of this tradition, namely the synthesis of: (a) neo-Kantianism with post-neo-Kantianism, (b) Kant's philosophy with Hegel's philosophy, (c) neo-Kantian transcendentalism with Husserl's transcendentalism, (d) the philosophy of transcendental subject (Kant, neo-Kantianism, phenomenology) with the philosophy of empirical subject (Hönigswald, Heidegger, Sartre). The main theoretical figure of Hans Wagner’s philosophy is the problem of two aspects of human thinking: its absoluteness and finiteness. According to Wagner development of the philosophical reflection, which we can observe on the example of the evolution of - originating from Kant - transcendental philosophy, leads to an explanation of the possibility to reconcile these two aspects of human thinking, and thus to answer the very question: how is it possible that our thinking can be both absolute and finished, and what are the consequences of this fact for the status of all cultural products of human thinking, such as: science, morality or law.

The article focuses on the presentation of Kantian sources in Stanisław Brzozowski’s philosophy, who was an outstanding philosopher, writer, and critic. Due to the value of his work, appreciated for over a hundred years by both domestic and foreign researchers, in the article, I emphasize the issue related to the proper conduct of the analysis of its activities. I also point out the most frequent errors that lead to interpretative contradictions within the philosophical reflection that Stanisław Brzozowski created.

The aim of the article is to analyse Prabhācandra’s treatise in Sanskrit entitled Prameya-kamala-mārtaṇḍa [PKM] 1.3. and 1.10, one of the main Jain philosophical texts (11^th c. CE), in order to investigate the author’s view on the relationship between sensory and verbal cognition. Prabhācandra refers to the thought of Bhartṛhari (5^th c. CE), pioneer of the Indian philosophy of language, who formulated his original vision of the role of language in cognitive processes, as well as to the proponents of monistic standpoint, who are considered to be his followers. The translation and interpretation of PKM’s passages are crucial to finding an answer to the following questions: is the language for Prabhācandra necessary to make cognition complete or are there any intersection spheres of these two kinds of cognition?

The relationship between Hegel’s conception of Sittlichkeit and Kant’s moral philosophy is much-discussed, highly controversial and accompanied by many misunderstandings. Relating it to Kant’s philosophy, this article shows that and how Hegel’s elaborations on Sittlichkeit can be understood as an attempt to comprehend the actuality of freedom in the human world. By contrast, the formalism of a Kantian approach of moral philosophy hinders it willy-nilly to comprehend the actuality, hence, the ‘fact’ of freedom properly. Hegel’s Sittlichkeit is a conception of the facticity of freedom. Kant’s conception of Sittlichkeit presupposes such a conception.

This article focuses on the criticism in Theognidea. The most visible form of criticism is rooted in the social and political domain and is discussed in the first part of the article. The following part analyses more subtle and sophisticated forms of criticism by identifying Theognis’ use of irony and the peculiar message covered by his metaphors. The article concludes that the new poetical discourse of Theognidea contains a hidden but exact political message meant for a specific social community. This message was to be carefully considered, understood, and carried out. In this respect, Theognis is a philosophising poet using a high level of criticism and demanding the same from his audience.

Review of Enrico Berti's book Arystoteles w XX wieku, trans. into Polish by A. Dudzińska-Facca, D. Facca, Wydawnictwo Instytutu Filozofii i Socjologii PAN, Warszawa 2015