Contemporary logic is an extremely broad field, encompassing a variety of topics that are often quite distant from one another. This breadth presents a significant challenge for those involved in teaching logic: due to obvious time constraints, they must select only a small subset of topics from the extensive array available. But which topics should be selected? Scholars continue to debate this issue, with positions divided between advocates of formal logic and proponents of other areas within the discipline. Nonetheless, these differing perspectives can be reconciled to some extent. This article aims to demonstrate how such reconciliation can be achieved by offering practical guidance on designing a logic course that delivers the greatest possible value to its participants.

This study explores the philosophical contributions of Immanuel Kant and Johann Gottfried Herder to the field of cultural anthropology. It examines Kant’s idealism and transcendentalism, which provided a universal perspective on culture and influenced various anthropological concepts. The research addresses the criticisms of Kant’s views on race and gender, highlighting the evolution of his thoughts in response to emerging scientific disciplines. Additionally, the study delves into Herder’s role in shaping modern cultural studies, emphasizing his opposition to Enlightenment universalism and his introduction of cultural relativism. Herder’s ideas on the uniqueness and dignity of different cultures are analyzed, illustrating their impact on the development of cultural anthropology. The paper concludes with the discussion of the ongoing relevance of Kant’s and Herder’s philosophies in contemporary anthropological discourse.

This paper presents the transcription of a previously unknown archival document: Stanisław Leśniewski, The Basic Scheme of a Proof for the Theorem “a = b” in the Reformed Frege’s System [1938], written in German and stored in one of Berlin’s archives. It was sent to Heinrich Scholz, professor at the University of Münster (Germany). Nevertheless, it is kept in the legacy of Karl Schröter, who was previously Scholz’s student and co-worker. Furthermore, we provide introductory remarks on the problem of Russell’s antinomy in Gottlob Frege’s logical system from Basic Laws of Arithmetic, its subsequent correction, and the origin of the term Frege’s way out. We conclude that the document Basic Scheme of a Proof sheds new light on Frege’s logical system correction given by him in the Afterword to the second volume of the book.

Philosophical debates are commonly regarded as an essential feature of all philosophizing. However, the long-standing dispute over the concept of Christian philosophy, which took place within post-war Polish philosophy, reveals that the course and effectiveness of philosophical debates are influenced not only by substantive arguments but also by emotional factors. When representatives of different philosophical schools and traditions participate in the discussion, the practice of external criticism of adversaries’ views becomes widespread. The aim of the article is to present various opinions on the nature of philosophical disputes that were formulated in relation to the aforementioned debate on Christian philosophy.

This study aims to argue the validity of the feminist pro-abortion arguments for women who are exposed to different forms of domination in various regions of the world and to defend the ideal of non-domination rather than the liberal understanding of autonomy and non-interference. This study advocates the right to self-determination and emphasizes creating a new language for claiming reproductive rights. The two pro-abortion approaches, i.e., the right to self-ownership and the right to self-determination, are compared along with three different cases (the USA, Turkiye, Vietnam) that feminists should consider while articulating their arguments. The liberal autonomy argument targets the intervention of the state, society, family, and patriarchal culture, but it should be noted that not every intervention involves domination. Therefore, non-domination should be sought instead of non-intervention.

The review discusses the concept of the human being proposed by American neuroscientist Joseph LeDoux in his book The Four Realms of Existence. LeDoux presents a vision of the human as a biologically constituted entity organized into four realms of existence that are both hierarchically structured and functionally parallel. The text summarizes the book’s content, highlighting its central themes and the innovative nature of the proposed model. The review aims to introduce LeDoux’s approach to prospective readers and encourage further reflection on its application within philosophy and cognitive science.