Jurisdiction and applicable law to non — contractual obligations arising out of restriction of competition. A case of the pharmaceutical sector

Monika Wałachowska

doi:10.31261/PPPM.2018.22.01

Published: 2018-06-30

Vol. 22 (2018)

Jurisdiction and applicable law to non — contractual obligations arising out of restriction of competition. A case of the pharmaceutical sector

Monika Wałachowska

Section: Studies

https://doi.org/10.31261/PPPM.2018.22.01

Abstract

In this Article the Author has analysed the most important issues arising from the interaction between intellectual property law, competition law and the right to redress, taking into account the cross-border character of the discussed matters. The cases of restraints of competition, having frequently a multinational character raise doubts as to both jurisdiction and applicable law. I believe that the EU’s legal act in this area are not well agreed. Perhaps after introducing the Directive no. 2014/104 the provisions of both Brussels I-bis and Rome II should be reconsidered, taking into account the specific character of delicts in the field of competition law. On one hand the wording of art. 6(3) of Rome II somewhat reconciles the interests of both EU-cases and non-EU cases, but the risk of applying the mosaic principle in the discussed cases seems inevitable. Perhaps for these matters the choice of law should be considered. For example the parties could have the possibility to choose the law of one of the affected markets (both of an EU-country or non-EU country, since art. 3 Rome II provides for an universal character of the regulation). When in comes to jurisdiction it is left to the courts to interpret the notion of both place of act and place of its consequences, which seems to be a propersolution. In this way we can apply a case-by-case method.

Keywords:

restraints of competition , tort law , damages , jurisdiction , applicable law

Download files

PDF

Citation rules

Wałachowska, M. (2018). Jurisdiction and applicable law to non — contractual obligations arising out of restriction of competition. A case of the pharmaceutical sector. Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego (“Problems of Private International law”), 22, 7–27. https://doi.org/10.31261/PPPM.2018.22.01

Cited by / Share

Licence

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

The Copyright Owners of the submitted texts grant the Reader the right to use the pdf documents under the provisions of the Creative Commons 4.0 International License: Attribution-Share-Alike (CC BY-SA). The user can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose.

1. License

The University of Silesia Press provides immediate open access to journal’s content under the Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Authors who publish with this journal retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned CC BY-SA 4.0 license.

2. Author’s Warranties

The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s.

If the article contains illustrative material (drawings, photos, graphs, maps), the author declares that the said works are of his authorship, they do not infringe the rights of the third party (including personal rights, i.a. the authorization to reproduce physical likeness) and the author holds exclusive proprietary copyrights. The author publishes the above works as part of the article under the licence "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International".

ATTENTION! When the legal situation of the illustrative material has not been determined and the necessary consent has not been granted by the proprietary copyrights holders, the submitted material will not be accepted for editorial process. At the same time the author takes full responsibility for providing false data (this also regards covering the costs incurred by the University of Silesia Press and financial claims of the third party).

3. User Rights

Under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license, the users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) the article for any purpose, provided they attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor.

4. Co-Authorship

If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.

I hereby declare that in the event of withdrawal of the text from the publishing process or submitting it to another publisher without agreement from the editorial office, I agree to cover all costs incurred by the University of Silesia in connection with my application.

References

Ashton, D., Henry, D.: Competition Damages Actions in the EU. Law and practice. Cheltenham, Elgar Publishing, 2013.
Google Scholar

Augenhofer, S., in: Rome Regulations. Commentary. Ed. G.P. Callies. Second edtition. Alphen aan den Rijn, Kluwer Law International 2015.
Google Scholar

Basedow, J.: Jurisdiction and choice of law in the private enforcement of EC competition law. In: Private enforcement of EC Competition Law. Ed. J. Basedow. Alphen aan den Rijn, Kluwer Law International, 2007.
Google Scholar

Bernitz, U.: Introduction to the Directive on Competition Damages Actions. In: Harmonising EU Competition Litigation. The New Directive and Beyond. Eds. M. Bergström, M.C. Iacovides, M. Strand. "Swedish Studies in European Law" 2016, vol. 8, Oxford and Portland, Oregon.
Google Scholar

Bourgeois, J.H.J., Stievi, S.: EU Competition Remedies in Consumer Cases: Thinking Out of the Shopping Bag. "World Competition" 2010, no. 2.
Google Scholar

Carrier, M.A.: Competition law and enforcement in the pharmaceutical industry. In: Research Handbook on International Competition Law. Ed. A. Ezrachi. Cheltenham 2012.
Google Scholar

Cengiz, F.: Antitrust Damages actions: lessons from American indirect purchasers' litigation. "International & Comparative Law Quarterly" 2010, vol. 45.
Google Scholar

Cisotta, R.: Some considerations on the last development on antitrust damages actions and collective redress in the European Union. "The Competition Law Review" 2014, vol. 10, issue 1.
Google Scholar

Competition Law as a Patent 'Safety Net' in the Biopharmaceutical Industry. "The Competition Law Review" 2004, vol. 1, issue 2.
Google Scholar

Correa, C.M.: The Current System of Trade and Intellectual Property Rights. In: European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2016. Eds. M. Bungenberg, Ch. Herrmann, M. Krajewski, J.P. Terhechte. Springer Switzerland 2016.
Google Scholar

Danov, M.: Awarding exemplary (or punitive) antitrust damages in EC competition cases with an international element the Rome II Regulation and the Commission's White Paper on Damages. "European Competition Law Review" 2008.
Google Scholar

Danov, M.: Jurisdiction and Judgment in Relation to EU Competition Claims. Hart Publishing 2011.
Google Scholar

Dickinson, A.: The Rome II Regulation: the law applicable to non-contractual obligations. Oxford 2008.
Google Scholar

Drexl, J.: Intellectual property in competition: How to promote dynamic competition as a goal. In: More common ground for international competition law? Eds. J. Drexl, W.S. Grimes, C.A. Jones, R.J.R. Peritz, E.T. Swaine. Cheltenham, Elgar Publishing, 2011.
Google Scholar

Dutoit, B.: Droit international privé suisse. Commentaire de la loi fédérale du 18 décembre 1987. 4ème édition. Bâle, Genève, Munich 2005.
Google Scholar

Eilmansberger, T.: The Green Paper on damages actions for breach of the EC antitrust rules and beyond: reflections of the utility and feasibility of stimulating private enforcement trough legislative action. "Common Market Law Review" 2007, vol. 44.
Google Scholar

Fitchen, J.: Allocating Jurisdiction in Private Competition Law Claims within the EU. "Maastricht Journal of European and Competition Law" (2006), 13.
Google Scholar

Fitchen, J.: Choice of law in international claims based on restrictions of competition: article 6(3) of the Rome II Regulation. "Journal of Private International Law", August 2009, 5.
Google Scholar

Fitchen, J.: The Applicable Law in Cross-Border Competition Law Actions and Article 6(3) of Regulation 864/2007. In: Cross-border EU Competition Law Actions. Eds. M. Danov, F. Becker, P. Beaumont. Oxford, Portland, Oregon 2013.
Google Scholar

Francq, S., Wurmnest, W., in: International Antitrust Litigation. Conflict of Laws and Coordination. Eds. J. Basedow, S. Francq, L. Idot. Oxford and Portland, Oregon 2012.
Google Scholar

Fuchs, A.: Patent ambush strategies and Article 102 TFEU. In: More common ground for international competition law? Eds. J. Drexl, W.S. Grimes, C.A. Jones, R.J.R. Peritz, E.T. Swaine.
Google Scholar

Ghindini, G.: Patent ambush and reverse payments: Comments. In: More common ground for international competition law? Eds. J. Drexl, W.S. Grimes, C.A. Jones, R.J.R. Peritz, E.T. Swaine. Cheltenham, Elgar Publishing, 2011.
Google Scholar

Haedicke, M.W., in: M.W. Haedicke, H. Timmann, D. Bühler: Patent law. A handbook on European and German patent law. München 2014.
Google Scholar

Hansberry, D., Hummer, Ch., Le Berre, M., Leclerc, M.: Umbrella effect: damages claimed by customers on non-cartelist competitors. "Journal of European Competition Law & Practice" 2014, vol. 5, no. 4.
Google Scholar

Hellner, M.: Unfair competition and acts retricting free competition. A commentary on Article 6 of the Rome II Regulation. "Yearbook of Private International Law" 2007, vol. 9.
Google Scholar

Hodges, Ch.: Competition enforcement, regulation and civil justice: what is the case? "Common Market Law Review" 2006, vol. 43.
Google Scholar

Holzmuller, T., Koeckritz, Ch.V.: Private enforcement of competition law under the Rome II Regulation. "Global Competition Litigation Review" 2010.
Google Scholar

Ilmer, M.: Rome II. Pocket Commentary. Ed. P. Huber. Munich 2011.
Google Scholar

Jurkowska-Gomułka, A.: Private Enforcement and Competition law in Polish Courts: The Story of an (Almost) Lost Hope for Development. YARS ("Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies") 2013, vol. 6 (8).
Google Scholar

Kjølbye, L.: Article 82 EC as Remedy to Patent System Imperfections: Fighting Fire with Fire? "World Competition Law and Economics Law Review" 2009, vol. 32, issue 2.
Google Scholar

Kolasiński, M.K.: Odpowiedzialność odszkodowawcza za uszczerbek powstały w Unii Europejskiej w wyniku zawarcia sprzecznych z prawem antymonopolowym ugód patentowych o odwróconej płatności. "Przegląd Prawa Handlowego" 2016, no. 6.
Google Scholar

Kort, M.: Intellectual Property and Article 82 EC. In: Patents and Technological Progress in a Globalized World. Liber Amicorum Joseph Straus. Eds. W.P. zu Waldeck und Pyrmont, M.J. Adelman, R. Brauneis, J. Drexl, R. Nack.
Google Scholar

Lianos, I., Davis, P., Nebbia, P.: Damages for the Infringement of EU Competition Law. Oxford 2015.
Google Scholar

Micklitz, H.W.: Consumers and Competition access and compensation under EU law. "European Business Law Review" 2006.
Google Scholar

Munari, F.: Issues on Jurisdiction and Applicable law in Private Antitrust Enforcement Cases. In: Party Autonomy in Europan Private (And) International Law. Eds. I. Queirolo, B. Heiderhoff, G. Afferni. T. 1. Arricia 2015.
Google Scholar

Nestoruk, I.B.: Effects doctrine a la européenne rozważania na tle art. 6 ust. 3 rozporządzenia Rzym II. In: Znad granicy ponad granicami. Księga dedykowana Profesorowi Dieterowi Martiny. Eds. M. Krzymuski, M. Margoński. Warszawa 2014.
Google Scholar

Ottaviano, I., in: Competition law and intellectual property: A European Perspective. Eds. G. Caggiano, G. Muscolo, M. Tavassi.
Google Scholar

Plender, R., Wilderspin, M.: The European Private International Law of Obligations. 4th ed. by M. Wilderspin, 2015.
Google Scholar

Podrecki, P.: Civil Law Actions in the Context of Competition Restricting Practices Under Polish Law. "Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies" 2009, no. 2(2).
Google Scholar

Prosperetti, L.: Estimating damages to competitors from exclusionary practices in Europe: a review of the main issues in the light of national courts' experience. In: Competition law and intellectual property: A European Perspective. Eds. G. Caggiano, G. Muscolo, M. Tavassi.
Google Scholar

Rodriguez Pineau, E.: Conflicts of Laws comes to the rescue of competition law: the new Rome II Regulation. "Journal of Private International Law" August 2009, 5.
Google Scholar

Roox, K. (Ed.): Bariery związane z patentami, utrudniające wprowadzenie leków generycznych na rynek Unii Europejskiej. Centrala Europejskiego Biura Patentowego, Monachium 2008.
Google Scholar

Rosenkranz, T., Rohde, E.: The law applicable to non-contractual obligations arising out of acts of unfair competition and acts restraining free competition under Article 6 Rome II Regulation. "Nederlands International Privaatrecht" 2008, vol. 4.
Google Scholar

Schnichels, D., Sule, S.: The Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry and its Impact on Competition Law Enforcement. "Journal of European Competition Law & Practice" 2010, vol. 1, no. 2.
Google Scholar

Schöller, K.: Patents and Standards: The Antitrust Objection as a Defense in Patent Infringment Proceedings. In: Patents and Technological Progress in a Globalized World. Liber Amicorum Joseph Straus. Eds. W.P. zu Waldeck und Pyrmont, M.J. Adelman, R. Brauneis, J. Drexl, R. Nack. Berlin Heidelberg, Springer, 2009.
Google Scholar

Shapiro, C.: Navigating the Patent Thicket: Cross Licenses, Patent Pools, and Standard Setting. In: Innovation Policy and the Economy 1. Eds. A.B. Jaffe, J. Lerner, S. Stern. Cambridge 2001.
Google Scholar

Sikorski, R.: Wyłączność korzystania z praw własności przemysłowej. In: "System Prawa Handlowego". T. 3: Prawo własności przemysłowej. Eds. E. Nowińska, K. Szczepanowska-Kozłowska. Warszawa 2015.
Google Scholar

Siragusa, M.: The EU Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry. New forms of Abuse and Article 102 TFEU. In: Competition law and intellectual property: A European Perspective. Eds. G. Caggiano, G. Muscolo, M. Tavassi. Alphen aan den Rijn 2012.
Google Scholar

Szczepanowska-Kozłowska, K.: Naruszenie praw własności przemysłowej. In: "System Prawa Handlowego". T. 3: Prawo własności przemysłowej. Eds. E. Nowińska, K. Szczepanowska-Kozłowska.
Google Scholar

Szpunar, M.: Private enforcement a prawo prywatne międzynarodowe. In: Prawo konkurencji. 25 lat. Pierwszy Polski Kongres Prawa Konkurencji. Ed. T. Skoczny. Warszawa 2016.
Google Scholar

Temple Lang, J.: European competition law and intellectual property rights a new analysis. "ERA Forum" 2010, vol. 11.
Google Scholar

Ullrich, H.: Strategic patenting by the pharmaceutical industry: towards a concept of abusive practices of protection. In: Pharmaceutical, Innovation, Competition and Patent law. Eds. J. Drexl, N. Lee. Cheltenham, Elgar Publishing, 2013.
Google Scholar

von Hein, J.: Protecting victims of cross-border torts under Article 7 no. 2 Brussels I-bis: towards a more differentiated and balanced approach. "Yearbook of Private International Law" 2014/2015, 2016, vol. 16.
Google Scholar

Wałachowska, M.: Damages for restraints of competition a case of private enforcement in the pharmaceutical sector. "Ius Novum" 2017, vol. 11, no. 4.
Google Scholar

Wałachowska, M.: Instrumenty prawne służące opóźnianiu wprowadzenia na rynek leków generycznych zagadnienia wybrane. "Gdańskie Studia Prawnicze" 2018, vol. 39.
Google Scholar

Whitehead, B., Jackson, S., Kempner, R.: Managing generic competition and patent strategies in the pharmaceutical industry. "Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice" 2008, vol. 3, no. 4.
Google Scholar

Wilderspin, M.: The Rome II Regulation; Some policy observations. "Nederlands International Privaatrecht" 2008, no. 4.
Google Scholar

Vol. 22 (2018)
Published: 2018-06-30

ISSN: 1896-7604

eISSN: 2353-9852

10.31261/PPGOS

Publisher

Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego | University of Silesia Press

Licence CC

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Submit