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Czasopismo: Śląskie Studia Historyczno-Teologiczne

Wspólnota Przymierza Rodzin "Mamre" kuźnią mądrości? Badania porównawcze trzech grup osób wyróżnionych ze względu na poziom religjności

Grzegorz Ciuła , Paweł Brudek

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 31-12-2020 | Abstrakt | s. 408-425

Cel badań. Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań, którymi objęto 179 osób, należących do trzech grup, wyróżnionych ze względu na poziom religijności. Głównym celem badań była identyfikacja różnic pomiędzy tymi grupami w zakresie zarówno poszczególnych wymiarów mądrości, jak i jej ogólnego wskaźnika. Pierwszą grupę stanowili członkowie Wspólnoty Przymierza Rodzin „Mamre” (n=55). Druga grupa składała się z osób nienależących do żadnego ruchu religijnego, ale odznaczających się wysoką religijnością (n=60). Trzecią grupę tworzyli respondenci, którzy nie należą do żadnego ruchu religijnego i jednocześnie charakteryzują się niską religijnością. Metody. W omawianym projekcie badawczym zastosowano: (1) Trzywymiarową Skalę Mądrości (3D-WS) autorstwa M. A rdelt w polskiej adaptacji S. Steuden, P. Brudka oraz P. I zdebskiego; (2) Skalę Religijnego Systemu Znaczeń (SRSZ ) D. Kroka; Arkusz osobowy. Wyniki. Analizowane grupy różniły się między sobą w zakresie wszystkich trzech wymiarów mądrości oraz jej wskaźnika globalnego. Istotne statystycznie różnice odnotowano między członkami wspólnoty „Mamre” i osobami religijnymi niezwiązanymi z żadnym ruchem religijnym a osobami o niskim poziomie religijności i niezwiązanymi z jakąkolwiek wspólnotą religijną. Wnioski. Otrzymane wyniki mogą stanowić wartościową pomoc dla duszpasterzy i liderów Wspólnoty Przymierza Rodzin „Mamre” w zakresie określenia charakteru i kierunków oddziaływań formacyjnych względem osób deklarujących chęć wstąpienia do wspólnoty.

2020-12-31



Czasopismo: Śląskie Studia Historyczno-Teologiczne

Zagadnienia inkulturacji w Afryce w okresie powstania orędzia Africae terrarum Pawła VI

Andrzej Halemba

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 31-12-1993 | Abstrakt | s. 69-98

The Church, in its work of evangelization, has always had the rule never to condemn, destroy or abandon any element belonging to the cultural heritage which was, in itself, beautiful, just and true. This rule was explicitly expressed by Pius XII in Evangelii praecones (1951). However this document did not deal fully with all the issues and problems which were being experienced in the missionary Church at that time. The most important issue was to create a new model of mission based on the inculturation of the faith. This inculturation, which involves both the missionary and the people evangelised, could be described as the conscious and progressive assimilation of cultural values in the process of evangelization.
The problem of inculturation in Africa emerged most clearly just after the Vatican Council. (Although the term „inculturation” had been used previously by other authors, it is only in 1979, in Catechesi tradendae of John Paul II, that it appeared for the first time in a papal document). An important document on the subject of evangelization in Africa was the papal message Africae terrarum which dealt with the development issues and with other difficulties being experienced in Africa. In this message there was an evaluation of the activities of the Church in that continent. It stressed the fact that a local hierarchy had been established and it spoke of the great contribution of the Church in the field of education. During the sixties (when most countries got their independence) the situation changed considerably because the Church lost its control over its schools. And because of that the Church had to focus its efforts on evangelization alone. While these changes were taking place, there was a greater perception of many of the mistakes of the past, especially of the underestimation by the Church of the local customs and of the religious attitudes and values. Consequently, in this period the discussion on inculturation became more lively.
As well as the Church's loss of influence through the schools, there were other factors which made it clear that its pastoral methods had to be changed: the drop in priestly vocations; the deterioration of the political situation and the outbreak of civil wars in some of the young African countries, the conflict between ideologies and nationalism. All these facts had a great influence on the Church and contributed to a slowing down of the progress of evangelization.
At that moment, therefore, it was considered necessary that the Pope take a stand on this topic. In the encyclical Popolorum progressio Paul VI spoke about the changes taking place in the world and described the elements which make for the integral progress of the individual human person as well as of humankind in general. A few months later, in his message Africae terrarum, he stressed that the African person does not need to deny his identity or discard his traditions when he joins the Christian community. According to this message the responsibility for the work of inculturation belongs to the local Church hierarchy. However, co-operation between the missionaries and the African clergy is absolutely necessary. The full inculturation of the Christian faith also requires political peace and stability; therefore politicians, governments and intellectuals are to be involved. The Pope invited the family to be fully involved in this process, and he dealt at some length with the special role of women and of the youth. True inculturation of the faith should lead the Christian family to the acceptance of values which will manifest the dignity of each person and will guarantee his or her integral development.
Through authentic inculturation the values of the local culture will be brought to their fulfilment. „The African culture”, said cardinal Paul Poupard, „is a wonderful soil which is awaiting the incarnation of Christ. Inculturation, then, is a real form of the solemn covenant between God and man, which is taking place here and now and which is embracing the practical aspects of daily life, the different forms of thought and of social institutions”. Inculturation, being a dialogue between cultures and faith, is a process which is mutually enriching both for the Church and for the people evangelised. The Church accepts all the cultural elements which are compatible with the Good News and enriches them with the Christian message and, at the same time, the Church is enriched by the wisdom of those cultures.

We hope that the inculturation of the faith which was started in the late sixties will be deepened and developed during the African Synod, which is not only an opportunity for the Church in Africa but also for the universal Church.

1993-12-31



Czasopismo: Śląskie Studia Historyczno-Teologiczne

Prawo natury jako źródło prawa kanonicznego w Kodeksie Jana Pawła II

Magdalena Jakimowicz

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 31-12-1996 | Abstrakt | s. 97-124

The Christian concept of natural law is built on the foundations laid down by such protagonists as Paul of Tarsus, Saint Augustine or Saint Thomas. The first one believed that law of nature had been inscribed in human nature by the Creator. However, it was St. Augustine who explained the Christian concept of natural law. In his reflections he began with the act by which God had created man. According to St Augustine a man, created as a reflection and a living picture of God, became law for himself, doing the right things. Despite the fact that human nature has been contaminated by the original sin, a man feels natural law as a longing for the original condition.
Saint Thomas based his meditations on the need for noticing the division between natural order and supernatural reality. It allowed him to define law of nature as a human participation in the immemorial law of God, and as a component of sensible (rational) human nature. Saint Thomas indicates direct relation between positive law and natural law. Positive law is a derivative of natural law and it has to be congruent with it.
Christianity has been accompanied by the awareness of ceaselessly existing nature until the present century. Despite a strong influence of positive legal philosophy on Law of the Church, church legislator referred to natural law in the Canon Law Code from 1917. As early as in canon 6 point 6 it was declared that the present Code does not cancel natural law. Also no tradition can do it (canon 27 p. 1). However, in the old Code we can find few specific references between canon law standards and natural law.
After the second Vatican Ecumenical Council church sciences, especially the science of canon law, became more interested in natural law. Then profound reforms within the Church were undertaken. The most important one referred to the understanding of the Church itself because its hitherto existing image was denied. The Church was no longer perceived as a state entity, a perfect community. The Mystery of the Church was noticed. During the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council the Church was defined as a Salvation Sacrament. The notion of a sacrament carries a crucial feature which characterizes the Church as a specificity of Its sign. The Church is a real sign, i.e. it not only points out at some kind of reality but it also embraces it. Here we mean the presence of God in life of the Church.
Such perception of the Church led not only to the reform of church law but it also brought change in understanding of its function within the Church. The law in Church is derived from religious experience. A baptized man is on the one hand presented with life based on the love of God and other people. On the other hand the believer is required to live in truth and to testify the truth. This requirement is a duty and it has been perceived by Christians as such from the very beginning.
Being given the grace of living in the love community and the call to testify the truth, is fundamental for the fulfilment of law within the Church.
The positive law of God is a fundamental source of the church law. Pope John Paul II has already reminded us of it in his latest encyclical Veritatis splendor. He points out there that the law of God is a basic law for the Church, it is essential for its constitution. It contains elements which the church cannot abandon, something it cannot relinquish, forget, or change. The law of God, however invariable it is, can be recognized, depending on the civilized development of man, his scientific background and cognitive abilities. Under the present Code, church legislator often quotes the law of God, making use of the following expressions: ius divinum, lex divina, institutio divina, ordinatio divina, or relevant verb forms.
The Pope maintains traditional distinction between positive and natural law within the God's law. Both are reflections of the immemorial law. Natural law was given to man in the act of creation. Practical mind takes active part in the process of discovering the rules of natural law. It derives its authority from God's Wisdom. The light of natural mind which allows to distinguish between good and evil is a reflection of the light of God. The natural law got its name because mind, which announces it, is a part of human nature. However, natural law is a secondary source for the canon law.
In the presently binding Code the legislator refers to natural law more frequently than in the previous one. First of all he quotes such rules of natural law that can be regarded as axiological foundation of the canon law. Here he means freedom, equality and canon equity. The essence of aequitas naturalis is a complement of ideas such as: caritas or aequitas canonica. Natural equity allows to refer to particular human values such as: honesty, kindness, natural justice or simplicity. The legislator quotes the natural equity in canon 271 p. 3. The provisions of agreement made between bishop of a place where priest was ordained and bishop of where the priest works, have to be kept. Even if the conditions forced the bishop a quo to recall his priest to work in the diocese, natural equity does not allow to break the provisions of the agreement. Canon 1148 p. 3 describes the effects of a polygamous marriage, which was dissolved because of the husband's baptism. The man should remain with one wife, however it does not release him from his obligations resulting from his previous relationships.
In the present Code, the rules of freedom were applied to the idea of religious freedom and freedom of conscience. In canon 784 it has been declared that nobody can be forced to adopt Catholic Faith. Therefore, people who have never been baptized or those of a different creed cannot be forced to accept Catholicism, but even the Catholics who have decided to split with the church community cannot be pushed in any way. Such understanding of religious freedom has its roots in the Vatican Ecumenical Council II. The ecumenical fathers explain the right to religious freedom as something that has deep roots in human nature. Human dignity requires a man to follow his conscious choice. Canon 218 recognizes the freedom of search conducted by the theologians, canonian scholars and dogmatists. They are, however, burdened with a duty to be obedient to the Tutorial Church Office. Ideas related to the freedom of conscience can be found in canon 748. They originate from the teachings of the Ecumenical Council and from the Pope. It is important that the church does not violate the freedom of conscience when it comes to questions of faith and morality. Canon 630 p. 1 burdens the Superiors of Monastic Institutes with the duty to maintain freedom to receive sacraments and spiritual guidance. Canon 799 obliges the church authority to provide upbringing consistent with their parents' conscience.
The rule of equality has a special importance in relation to the Church. The Church, in its nature, is a hierarchized community. That is why, in canon 208, church legislator decides that all the believers are equal in terms of dignity and activity. However, there is a difference when it comes to the church mission – everybody performs a different function (laymen and priests). Different levels of hierarchy apply especially to the clergymen. But all the believers participate in the same priesthood of Christ. In the present Code we can find other applications of the equality rule. Equality between a man and a woman manifests itself in the fact that a woman can be appointed a judge auditor (canon 1428 p. 2) or associate judge (canon 1424), etc.. Only holy orders are reserved for men. In the present canon law the difference between legitimate and illegitimate children is eliminated (canon 1139).

1996-12-31



Czasopismo: Śląskie Studia Historyczno-Teologiczne

Marcelego z Ancyry interpretacja Prz 8,22-30

Jan Słomka

Język: PL | Data publikacji: 30-06-2011 | Abstrakt | s. 38– 44

Prov 8:22-30 is one of the key Bible texts for the Arian controversy. The words “made” and “begets”, used for describing the origin of Wisdom in the Septuagint, became a significant argument for the theory of the creation of the Logos in Arius’ doctrine. According to Arius, the text refers to the fact that Logos was begotten or, in other words, created before the creation of the world. In his polemic with Arius, Athanasius made a difference between the meanings of the two words: according to him, “begets” referred to the Logos being born of God before the ages, while the word “created” referred to the Incarnation. Marcellus, an anti-Arian polemist and Athanasius’ follower, took a different route. He claimed that both words had an identical meaning, however, they did not refer to the pre-eternal birth – creation, but to the moment of the Incarnation, the creation of the body the Logos took on. Marcellus did not acknowledge the concept of birth from God, and that assumption led him to apply some elements of Origen’s allegorical exegesis in his own exegesis of the discussed text, though he considered Origen as a major heretic.

2011-06-30