Umowy w przedsięwzięciach kosmicznych — rozważania o istocie, treści i odpowiedzialności za szkodę

Katarzyna Malinowska

doi:10.31261/PPPM.2017.20.01

Published: 2017-06-29

Vol. 20 (2017)

Contracts in space ventures - considerations of substance, content and liability for damages

Katarzyna Malinowska

Section: Studies

https://doi.org/10.31261/PPPM.2017.20.01

Abstract

The aim of this study is to analyze the legal nature of contracts and the principles of contractual liability in space projects, based on the provisions of the international law, leading regulations of national laws, as well as the contractual practice. The immanent feature of space projects is their international character, which leads to the contracts concluded between contractors based in countries of a varied regime and legal culture. This in turn affects the nature and content of the contracts, and in particular the regulation of liability for damage resulting from its non‑performance or improper performance. The relevance of the liability provisions in space contracts is proportionate to the level of risk associated with outer space exploration. Despite technical progress, it remains at a very high level, making space activity one of the most dangerous types of business ventures (the so‑called ultrahazardous activity). The risk related to space exploration also raises many questions about the way of bearing responsibility not only between the parties to the space contracts, but also between the launching state and the domestic entity running space activity, from which the damage may result. One of the main issues analyzed in this paper is the contractual practice of introducing the provisions limiting liability for damage. The conclusions from such an analysis can be used as a motion de lege ferenda for the outer space law provisions being in the drafting stage in Poland.

Keywords:

space contracts , liability for space damages , contractual liability , ESA , space projects

Download files

PDF (Język Polski)

Citation rules

Malinowska, K. (2017). Contracts in space ventures - considerations of substance, content and liability for damages. Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego (“Problems of Private International law”), 20, 7–58. https://doi.org/10.31261/PPPM.2017.20.01

Cited by / Share

Licence

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

The Copyright Owners of the submitted texts grant the Reader the right to use the pdf documents under the provisions of the Creative Commons 4.0 International License: Attribution-Share-Alike (CC BY-SA). The user can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose.

1. License

The University of Silesia Press provides immediate open access to journal’s content under the Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Authors who publish with this journal retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned CC BY-SA 4.0 license.

2. Author’s Warranties

The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s.

If the article contains illustrative material (drawings, photos, graphs, maps), the author declares that the said works are of his authorship, they do not infringe the rights of the third party (including personal rights, i.a. the authorization to reproduce physical likeness) and the author holds exclusive proprietary copyrights. The author publishes the above works as part of the article under the licence "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International".

ATTENTION! When the legal situation of the illustrative material has not been determined and the necessary consent has not been granted by the proprietary copyrights holders, the submitted material will not be accepted for editorial process. At the same time the author takes full responsibility for providing false data (this also regards covering the costs incurred by the University of Silesia Press and financial claims of the third party).

3. User Rights

Under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license, the users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) the article for any purpose, provided they attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor.

4. Co-Authorship

If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.

I hereby declare that in the event of withdrawal of the text from the publishing process or submitting it to another publisher without agreement from the editorial office, I agree to cover all costs incurred by the University of Silesia in connection with my application.

References

7th IAASS Conference: Space Safety is No Accident, Friedrichshafen, Germany, October 2014.
Google Scholar

Al‑Ekabi, C. (Ed.): European Autonomy in Space. Ed. C. A l‑Ekabi. Springer 2015.
Google Scholar

Aneks I do Konwencji ESA, art. IV (dotyczący immunitetu ESA).
Google Scholar

Annex I Implementation Framework for the Entrusted Tasks To The Commission Implementing Decision entrusting budget implementation tasks to the European GNSS Agency and the European Space Agency linked to the deployment and exploitation of the European GNSS Systems (EGNOS and Galileo).
Google Scholar

Ariane 5 User’s Manual Issue 5 Revision 1 July 2011, http://www.arianespace.com/wpcontent/uploads/2015/09/Ariane5_users_manual_Issue5_July2011.pdf
Google Scholar

Arrangement between ESA and Arianespace on the launchers exploitation phase of Ariane V, Vega and Soyuz from the Guiana Space Centre (weszło w życie 1 stycznia 2009).
Google Scholar

Aubin, Y., Portwood, T.: Les clauses reciproques d’abandon de recours et de guaranties contre les recours de tiers. „International Business Law Journal” 2001.
Google Scholar

Baumann, I.: Ensuring Regulatory Compliance for Small Satellites through Procurement and Grant Conditions. In: Small Satellites: Regulatory Challenges and Chances. Brill Academic Publishing 2016.
Google Scholar

Beale, H.: The Impact of the Decisions of the European Courts on English Law: The Limits of Voluntary Harmonization. Eur. Rev. Priv. L. 2010, 18.
Google Scholar

Bender, R.: Space Transport Liability: National And International Aspects. Nijhoff 1995.
Google Scholar

BGBl. III — Ausgegeben am 25. März 2015, nr 39.
Google Scholar

Blassel, P.: Space projects and the coverage of associated risks. „The Genevea Papers on Risk and Insurance” 1985, Vol. 10, nr 35.
Google Scholar

Böckstiegel, K.‑H. (Ed.): Project 2001, Legal Framework for the Commercial Use of Outer Space. Cologne, Carl Heymanns Verlag, 2002.
Google Scholar

Bohlmann, U.L.: The Registration Policy of the European Space Agency, www.uni‑koeln.de/jur‑fak/instluft/…/004.ppt (URL niekompletny w przypisie).
Google Scholar

Broadcasting Act of 1996 (UK).
Google Scholar

Buzdugan, M.: Satellite Financing through Hosted Payloads: Benefits and Challenges. Air & Space L. 2011, 36.
Google Scholar

Caley, A.: Liability in international law and the Ramnifications on Commercial Space Launches and Space Tourism. „Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review” 2014.
Google Scholar

Carminati, M.G.: Is statutory immunity for spaceflights operators good enough? „Legislation and Policy Brief” 2014, 6.
Google Scholar

Catalano‑Sgrosso, G.: International Space Law, 2011.
Google Scholar

Całus, A.: Umowa międzynarodowa jako instrument ujednolicania porządków prawnych w dziedzinie prawa prywatnego. W: Rozprawy prawnicze. Księga pamiątkowa Profesora Maksymiliana Pazdana. Red. L. Ogiełło, W. Popiołek, M. Szpunar. Kraków 2005.
Google Scholar

Clerc, P.: The French Space Operation Act — One Year of Implementation, contribution au 6th Eilene M. Galloway Symposium on Critical Issues in Space Law. Proceedings of the International Institute of Space Law 2011 (Eleven International Publishing, 2012).
Google Scholar

Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act, H.R. 2262, 11/25/2015; Law no.: 114—190.
Google Scholar

Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions, Space Strategy For Europe. COM (2016) 705 Final.
Google Scholar

Couston, M.: Droit Spatial. Paris, Editions Ellipses, 2014.
Google Scholar

Cox Jr., L.A.: Risk Analysis Fundamentals, Models and Methods. Springer 2012.
Google Scholar

CSES (2012) Evaluation of the impact of European Space Policy on European Space Manufacturing and the Services Industry. Executive Summary.
Google Scholar

Dasgupta, U.: Legal Issues on Suborbital Space Tourism: International and National Law Perspectives. „Annals Air & Space L.” 2013, 37.
Google Scholar

Declaration by certain European Governments on the Launchers Exploitation Phase of Ariane, Vega, and Soyuz from the Guiana Space Centre (podpisana w Paryżu 30 marca 2007).
Google Scholar

Declaration by certain European Governments on the launchers exploitation phase of Ariane, Vega and Soyuz from the Guiana Space Centre (CSG) (weszła w życie 26 listopada 2009).
Google Scholar

Declarations of Acceptance concerning the Rescue Agreement and the Liability Convention (obowiązujące od 20 września 1976).
Google Scholar

Dempsey, P.S.: National Laws Governing Commercial Space Activities: Legislation, Regulation, & Enforcement. „Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business” 2016, vol. 36.
Google Scholar

Densing, R.; Reinke, N.: The Need for European Independence in Space Applications. In: European Autonomy in Space. Ed. C. A l‑Ekabi. Springer 2015.
Google Scholar

Diederiks‑Verschoor, I.H.Ph.: The Position of the Manufacturer and the Insurer in the Space Law. W: Essays in Honour of Wang Tieya. Kluwer 1993.
Google Scholar

Doody, D., Stephan, G.: Basics of Space Flight Learner’s Workbook, 1995.
Google Scholar

du Parquet, C.A.: Specific Clauses of Launch Services Agreements. In: Contracting for Space: Contract Practice in the European Space Sector. Eds. L.J. Smith, I. Baumann. Ashgate Publishing 2011.
Google Scholar

Elbert, B. (red.): The Satellite Communication Applications Handbook, 2004.
Google Scholar

Fabre, M.: Insurance Strategies for Covering Risks in Outer Space: A French Perspective. „Space Policy” 2002, 18.
Google Scholar

Failat, Y.A.: A synopsis on its legal challenges. „I.L. J.” [International Law Journal?] 2012, 1.
Google Scholar

Farand, A.: Jurisdiction and Liability Issues in Carrying out Commercial Activities in the International Space Station (ISS) Programme. In: The International Space Station: Commercial Utilization from a European Legal Perspective. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2006.
Google Scholar

Fenema, P.: Legal aspects of launch services and transportation. In:Handbook of space law. Eds. F. von der Dunk, F. Tronchetti. Northampton 2015.
Google Scholar

Ferrazzani, M.: Le projet Europeen Galileo, entreprise commercial ou services public international. In: Le droit de l’espace et la privatisation des activites spatiales. Ed. A. Kerrest. „Journées d’études de la Société Française pour le Droit International” [Paris, Pedone] 2003.
Google Scholar

Fought, B.E.: Legal Aspects of the Commercialization of Space Transportation Systems. „Berkeley Technology Law Journal” 1988, http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/btlj/vol3/iss1/4.
Google Scholar

Framework Agreement between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the German Aerospace Centre On Cooperation in Aeronautics and the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes of 2011.
Google Scholar

Freeland, S.: Fly me to the moon: how will international law cope with commercial space tourism. „Melbourne Journal of International Law” 2010, vol. 11.
Google Scholar

Gaubert, C.: Do Small Satellites Need Insurance. In: Small Satellites: Regulatory Challenges and Chances. Brill Academic Publishing 2016.
Google Scholar

Gerhard, M., Schrogl, K.‑U.: Report of the Project 2001, Working Group on National Space Legislation. In: Project 2001, Legal Framework for the Commercial Use of Outer Space. Cologne, Carl Heymanns Verlag, 2002.
Google Scholar

Górbiel, A.: Outer space in international law. Lodz 1981.
Google Scholar

Hansen, R., Wouters, J.: Towards an EU industrial policy for the space sector. „Working Paper” February 2015, no. 149.
Google Scholar

Heidemann, M.: Methodology of Uniform Contract Law The UNIDROIT Principles in International Legal Doctrine and Practice. Springer 2007.
Google Scholar

Hermida, J.: Commercial Space Launch services agreements in France and the United States of America. Rev. dr. unif. 2004, 3.
Google Scholar

Hermida, J.: Convergence of Civil Law and Common Law Contracts in the Space Field. Hong Kong L.J. 2004, 34.
Google Scholar

Hermida, J.: Legal Basis for a National Space Legislation. In: Space Regulations Library. Vol. 3. New York—Boston—Dordrecht—London—Moscow, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004.
Google Scholar

Hermida, J.: Risk Management in Arianespace Space Launch Agreements. „Annals of Air & Space Law” 2000, 25.
Google Scholar

Hermida, J.: Transponder Agreements. J. Space L. 1996, 35.
Google Scholar

Hobe, S.: The Impact of New Developments on International Space Law (New Actors, Commercialisation, Privatisation, Increase in the Number of „Space‑faring Nations”). Rev. dr. unif. 2010.
Google Scholar

Horl, K.U.: Legal Aspects of Risks Involved in Commercial Space Activities. Montreal 2003.
Google Scholar

http://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/space/galileo/launches_en.
Google Scholar

https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/space/galileo_en.
Google Scholar

Interim Agreement Between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States of America and the Russian Space Agency for the Conduct of Activities Leading to Russian Partnership in the Detailed Design, Development, Operation and Utilisation of the Permanently Manned Civil Space Station.
Google Scholar

Jagielska, M.: Reguły Incoterms. W: „System Prawa Handlowego”. T. 9: Międzynarodowe prawo handlowe. Red. W. Popiołek. Warszawa 2013.
Google Scholar

Jakhu, S.R., Sgobba, T., Dempsey, P.S. (red.): The need for an integrated Regulatory Regime for Aviation and Space. (brak danych wydawniczych w przypisie)
Google Scholar

Kahn, S.: Advanced Technology Projects and International Procurement: The Case of the European Space Agency. „Public Procurement Law Review” 1993, 2.
Google Scholar

Kaliński, M.: Szkoda na mieniu i jej naprawienie. Warszawa 2014.
Google Scholar

Kaufman, S., Segal, S., Crane, C.: IV, Satellite System Procurement: a Brief ‘How to Guide’, 2012.
Google Scholar

Kayser, V.: Launching Space Objects: Issues of Liability and Future Prospects. W: Space Regulations Library. Vol. 1. New York—Boston—Dordrecht—London—Moscow, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004.
Google Scholar

Keiser, S., Mejta‑Keiser, M.: Space passenger liability. „Proceedings on the Law of Outer Space” 2005, 48.
Google Scholar

Kerrest, A.: UN Treaties on outer space, L.C. and licensing regimes. W: Actions at national level. UN Korea Workshop. (brak danych wydawniczych w przypisie)
Google Scholar

Kerrest de Rozavel, A., von der Dunk, F.G.: Liability and Insurance in the Context of National Authorisation. W: National Space Legislation in Europe: Issues of Authorisation of Private Space Activities in the Light of Developments in European Space Cooperation, Studies in Space Law. Vol. 6. Red. F.G. von der Dunk. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2011.
Google Scholar

Kionka, E.J.: Implied assumption of the risk: does it survive comparative fault? „Southern Illinois University Law Journal” 1982, 7.
Google Scholar

Kleiman, M.J., Lamie, J.K., Carminati, M.‑V.: The Law of Spaceflight. A Guide to a New Space Lawyers, 2012.
Google Scholar

Kocot, W.: Odpowiedzialność z tytułu niewykonania zobowiązania w świetle zasad europejskiego prawa kontraktów handlowych Unidroit. „Studia Iuridica” 2007, T. 47.
Google Scholar

Konwencja o międzynarodowej odpowiedzialności za szkody wyrządzone przez obiekty kosmiczne z dnia 29.03.1972 r., weszła w życie dnia 1.09.1972 r. Dz.U. 1979, nr 6, poz. 35.
Google Scholar

Konwencja o ujednoliceniu niektórych zasad odnosząca się do międzynarodowego przewozu lotniczego, uzgodniona w Montrealu, dnia 28 maja 1999 r. (konwencja montrealska).
Google Scholar

Konwencja w sprawie rejestracji obiektów wypuszczonych w przestrzeń kosmiczną z dnia 14.01.1975 r., weszła w życie dnia 15.09.1976 r. Dz.U. 1979, nr 5, poz. 22.
Google Scholar

Kronke, H.: The UN Sales Convention, the Unidroit Contract Principles and the Way Beyond. J. Air L. & Com. 2005—2006, 24.
Google Scholar

Lafferranderie, G.: Regulation of the European Launch Industry — Legal Framework for Launch Services in Europe. In: Project 2001, Legal Framework for the Commercial Use of Outer Space. Ed. K.‑H. Böckstiegel. Cologne, Carl Heymanns Verlag, 2002.
Google Scholar

Lando, O., Beale, H.: Principles of European Contract Law. Parts 1—2. The Hague—London—Boston, Kluwer Law International, 2000.
Google Scholar

Lave, L.B. (red.): Risk Assessment and Management. Springer 2013.
Google Scholar

Lewaszkiewicz‑Petrykowska, B.: Autonomia woli stron a zakres odpowiedzialności „ex contractu” (kilka refleksji). W: W kierunku europeizacji prawa prywatnego. Księga pamiątkowa dedykowana Profesorowi Jerzemu Rajskiemu. Red. A. Brzozowski, W. Kocot, K. Michałowska. Warszawa 2007.
Google Scholar

Mantl, L.: The European Union in Outer Space in Society, Politics and Law. Wien—New York, Springer, 2011.
Google Scholar

Marboe, I.; Hafner, F.: Brief Overview over national Authorization Mechanisms in Implementation of the UN International Space Treaties. In: National Space Legislation in Europe. Leiden/Boston, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2011.
Google Scholar

Marboe, I.: National law. In: Handbook of space law. Eds. F. von der Dunk, F. Tronchetti. Northampton 2015.
Google Scholar

Masson‑Zwaan, T.: Liability & Insurance in Air & Space Law; Regulation of Suborbital Flights in Europe. ICAO/UNOOSA Aerospace Symposium, Montreal Canada, 18 March 2015.
Google Scholar

Masson‑Zwaan, T.: The Martin Marietta Case or How to Safeguard Private Commercial Space Activities. Air & Space L. 1993, 18.
Google Scholar

Masutti, A.: The Need for an International Legal Instrument Unidroit Rome, 11 November 2011.
Google Scholar

McKendrick, E.: Contract Law. New York, Palgrave, 2000.
Google Scholar

Mendes de Leon, P., van Traa, H.: The practice of shared responsibility and Liability in Space Law. Amsterdam Center for International Law. „Shares Research Paper” 2015, 70, www.sharesproject.nl.
Google Scholar

Meredith, P.: Commercial Space Transportation: Risk, Liability and Insurance. Abu Dhabi, 16 April 2009.
Google Scholar

Meredith, P.: Implementing a Telecommunications Satellite Business Concept: Overview and Relative Timing of Legal Actions. The Proceedings of the 33rd Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, IISL, 1990.
Google Scholar

Meredith, P.L., Robinson, G.S.: Space Law: A Case Study for the Practitioner. Implementing a Telecommunications Satellites Business Concept. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1992.
Google Scholar

Michaels, R.: The New European Choice of Law Revolution. „Tulane Law Review” May 2008, vol. 82, no. 5.
Google Scholar

Mineiro, M.: Assessing the risk: tort liability and risk management in the event of a commercial human spaceflight vehicle accident. „Air L &Com.” [Journal of Air Law and Commerce?] 2009, 74.
Google Scholar

Mineiro, M.C.: Law and Regulation governing U.S. Commercial Spaceports: Licensing, Liability and legal challenges. J. Air L & Com 2008, 73.
Google Scholar

Mineiro, M. M.: CISG and the final frontier: Contracting for the international sale of goods that originate from, are delivered in, or transit throught outer space and the passage of risk of loss. Proc. Int’lnst Space L. 2008, 51.
Google Scholar

Moysan, S.: The Insurance Point of View, Project 2001 Plus Workshop — „Towards a Harmonized Approach for National Space Legislation in Europe” — Berlin, 29—30 January 2004.
Google Scholar

Nesgos, P.D.: The Challenges Facing Private Practitioner: Liability and Insurance Issues in Commercial Space Transportation. „Journal of Law & Technology” 1989, 4.
Google Scholar

Ogiełło, L., Popiołek, W., Szpunar, M. (Red.): Rozprawy prawnicze. Księga pamiątkowa Profesora Maksymiliana Pazdana. Kraków 2005.
Google Scholar

Orzeczenie SN z dnia 6 października 1953 r., II C 1141/53. OSN 1955, nr 1, poz. 5.
Google Scholar

Pazdan, M.: Pojęcie międzynarodowego prawa handlowego. W: „System Prawa Handlowego”. T. 9: Międzynarodowe prawo handlowe. Red. W. Popiołek. C.H. Beck 2013.
Google Scholar

Petrou, I.: The European Space Agency’s Procurement System: A Critical Assessment. „Public Contract Law Journal” Winter 2008, vol. 37, no. 2.
Google Scholar

Peyrefitte, L.: Droit de l’espace. Dalloz 1993.
Google Scholar

Pieńkoś, J.: Prawo międzynarodowe publiczne. Kraków, Zakamycze, 2004.
Google Scholar

Polkowska, M.: Prawo kosmiczne w obliczu nowych problemów współczesności. Wyd. 1. Warszawa, Wydawnictwo Liber, 2011.
Google Scholar

Polska Strategia Kosmiczna, styczeń 2017.
Google Scholar

Popiołek, W. (Red.): „System Prawa Handlowego”. T. 9: Międzynarodowe prawo handlowe. Red. W. Popiołek. Warszawa 2013.
Google Scholar

Rajski, J.: Jednolite prawo międzynarodowej sprzedaży towarów. „Przegląd Prawa Handlowego” 1996, 3.
Google Scholar

Rakibi, A.: Les clauses reciproques d’abandon de recours et le garanties dans les contrats de l’industrie spatiale. W: Pratiques juridiques dans l’industrie aeronautique et spatiale. Paris, Edition A. Pedone, 2014.
Google Scholar

Ravillon, L.: L’adaptation du droit des contrats aux innovations technologiques: l’example des secteurs informatique et spatial. „International Business Law Journal” 2007.
Google Scholar

Regulations of the European Space Agency, General Clauses and Conditions for ESA Contracts, ESA/REG/002, rev. 2. Paris, 29 June 2015.
Google Scholar

Reibel, D.E.: Space Insurance and the legal aspects of allocating risk and liability among state and private entities. „Proceedings on the Law of Outer Space” 1993, 36.
Google Scholar

Reif, S.U.: Report: Shaping a Legal Framework for the Commercial Use of Outer Space: Recommendations and Conclusions from Project 2001. „Space Policy” 2002, 18.
Google Scholar

Rosenblatt, B.: Principles of Jurisdiction, https://cyber.harvard.edu/property99/domain/Betsy.html 2001.
Google Scholar

Rozporządzenie Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (WE) nr 593/2008 z dnia 17.06.2008 r. w sprawie prawa właściwego dla zobowiązań umownych (Rzym I). Dz.Urz. UE, L 177, z dnia 4.07.2008 r.
Google Scholar

Scharlach, I.: Performance and Warranty Articles in Space Industry Contracts. In: Contracting for Space: Contract Practice in the European Space Sector. Eds. L.J. Smith, I. Baumann. Ashgate Publishing 2011.
Google Scholar

Schmidt‑Tedd, B.: Best Efforts Principle and Terms of Contracts in Space Business. The Proceedings of the 31st Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space. IISL 1988.
Google Scholar

Schmidt‑Tedd, B.: The Relationship between the EU and ESA within the Framework of European Space Policy and Its Consequences for Space Industry Contracts. In: Contracting for Space: Contract Practice in the European Space Sector. Eds. L.J. Smith, I. Baumann. Ashgate Publishing 2011.
Google Scholar

Shaefer, M.: The need for Federal Preemption and International Negotiations regarding Liability Caps and Waivers of Liability in the U.S. Commercial Space Industry. „Berkeley Journal of International Law” 2015, 33.
Google Scholar

Silver, J.: Houston, We have a (liability) problem. „Michigan Law Review” 2014, vol. 112, 5.
Google Scholar

Smith, L.J., Baumann, I. (Eds.): Contracting for Space: Contract Practice in the European Space Sector. Eds. L.J. Smith, I. Baumann. Ashgate Publishing 2011.
Google Scholar

Smith, L.J., Horgl, K.‑U.: Institutional challenges for space activities in Europe. „Acta Astronautica” 2007, 60.
Google Scholar

Smith, L.J.: EU Competition Law and Issues of National Authorisation of Private Space Activities. In: National Space Legislation in Europe. Leiden/Boston, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2011.
Google Scholar

Smith, L.J.: Legal Aspects of Commercial Utilisation of the International Space Station — A German Perspective. In: The International Space Station: Commercial Utilization from a European Legal Perspective. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2006.
Google Scholar

Smith, L.J.: The Eye of the Storm: On the Case for Harmonising Principles of Damages as a Remedy in Contract Law. ERCL 2006, 2.
Google Scholar

Smith, L.J.: The Principles of International Space Law and their Relevance to Space Industry Contracts. In: Contracting for Space: Contract Practice in the European Space Sector. Eds. L.J. Smith, I. Baumann. Ashgate Publishing 2011.
Google Scholar

Smith, L.J.: Where is the paradise? The EU’s navigation system Galileo — some comments on inherent risks (or paradise lost). Proc. on L. Outer Space 2007, 50.
Google Scholar

Soucek, A.: International Law. W: Outer Space in Society, Politics and Law, Studies in Space Policy. Vol. 8. Red. K.‑U. Schrogl, A. Soucek, Ch. Brunner, 2011.
Google Scholar

Steptoe, J.: Legal Framework Agreements For International Space Cooperation, http://space‑law.keio.ac.jp/Steptoe.pdf (dostęp 27 sierpnia 2016).
Google Scholar

Stone, R.: The Modern Law of Contract. Routledge 2011.
Google Scholar

Telecommunications Act of 1984 (UK).
Google Scholar

Tobjasz, I.: Historyczne aspekty i aktualne uwarunkowania działalności w przestrzeni kosmicznej. „Obronność. Zeszyty Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania i Dowodzenia” 2014, 2 (10).
Google Scholar

Traktat księżycowy z dnia 18.12.1979 r., wszedł w życie dnia 11.07.1984 r. (nieratyfikowany przez Polskę).
Google Scholar

Traktat o funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej z dnia 13 grudnia 2007 r., 2012/C 326/01. Dz.Urz. UE C 326, 26/10/2012.
Google Scholar

Twibell, T.S.: Space Law: Legal Restraints on the Commercialization and Development of Outer Space. UMKC L. Rev. 1997, 65.
Google Scholar

Uchwała o odpowiedzialności prawnej Agencji (ESA/C/XXII/Res. 3) z dnia 13.12.1977 r.
Google Scholar

Uchwała Rady Ministrów nr 6 z dnia 26 stycznia 2017 r. w sprawie przyjęcia Polskiej Strategii Kosmicznej. „Monitor Polski” 2017, poz. 203.
Google Scholar

Uchwała Zgromadzenia Ogólnego nr 68/74 z dnia 11 grudnia 2013 r. o wytycznych krajowego prawa kosmicznego.
Google Scholar

Uchwała Zgromadzenia Ogólnego ONZ nr 59/115 o zastosowaniu koncepcji „państwa wypuszczającego w przestrzeń” 62/217.
Google Scholar

Układ o zasadach działalności państw w zakresie badań i użytkowania przestrzeni kosmicznej łącznie z Księżycem i innymi ciałami niebieskimi, sporządzony w Moskwie, Londynie i Waszyngtonie dnia 27.01.1967 r., wszedł w życie dnia 10.10.1967 r. Dz.U. 1968, nr 14, poz. 82.
Google Scholar

Umowa o ratowaniu kosmonautów, powrocie kosmonautów i zwrocie obiektów wypuszczonych w przestrzeń kosmiczną z dnia 22.04.1968 r., weszła w życie dnia 3.12.1968 r. Dz.U. 1969, nr 15, poz. 110.
Google Scholar

US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment: International Cooperation and Competition in Civilian Space Activities. Washington, DC, OTA‑ISC‑239, July 1985.
Google Scholar

van Traa‑Engelman, H.L.: Commercialization of Space Activities: Legal Requirements Constituting a Basic Incentive for Private Enterprise Involvement. „Space Policy” 1996, 5.
Google Scholar

Varella, M.D.: Internationalization of Law: Globalization, International Law and Complexity. Springer 2014.
Google Scholar

von der Dunk, F.G., Brus, M.M.T.A. (Eds.): The International Space Station: Commercial Utilization from a European Legal Perspective. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2006.
Google Scholar

von der Dunk, F.G.: Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty ‘in the European Context. Proc. Int’l Inst. Space L. 547 2008, 51.
Google Scholar

von der Dunk, F.G.: Europe and Security Issues in Space: The Institutional Setting, Space and Defense. Winter 2010, 4(1).
Google Scholar

von der Dunk, F.G.: European Space law. In: Handbook of space law. Eds. F. von der Dunk, F. Tronchetti. Northampton 2015.
Google Scholar

von der Dunk, F.G.: The Legal Framework for Space Projects in Europe: Aspects of Applicable Law and Dispute Resolution — Space and Telecommunications Law Program. Faculty Publications 2011.
Google Scholar

Wassenbergh, H.A.: A Launch and a Space Transportation Law, Separate from Outer Space Law? Air & Space L. 1996, 21.
Google Scholar

Wassenbergh, H.A.: The Law Governing International Private Commercial Activities of Space Transportation. J. Space L. 1993, 21.
Google Scholar

Watson, K.B.: Have the Courts Grounded the Space Launch Industry? Reciprocal Waivers and the Commercial Space Launch Act. „Jurimetrics” 1998, 39.
Google Scholar

White, S., Wheeler, J.: Satellite launch contract: checklist, www.practicallaw.com.
Google Scholar

Wireless Telegraphy Act of 1949 (UK).
Google Scholar

Wiśniewski, T.: Komentarz do art. 473 k.c.
Google Scholar

World Economic Forum, Bringing Space Down to Earth, March 2015, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Bringing_Space_Down_to_Earth.pdf.
Google Scholar

Zagrobelny, K.: O okolicznościach kształtujących odpowiedzialność dłużnika. Wrocław 2006.
Google Scholar

Zwaan, T.L.: Liability of the International Space Station Agreement of 29 September 1988. Proc. On L Outer Space [Proceedings on the Law of Outer Space] 1989, 32.
Google Scholar

Vol. 20 (2017)
Published: 2017-06-30

ISSN: 1896-7604

eISSN: 2353-9852

10.31261/PPGOS

Publisher

Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego | University of Silesia Press

Licence CC

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Submit