The author of the article proves that a double and maximalistic assumption is present in the concept of Nicholas of Kuza. This assumption says on one hand that what is single aims at becoming everything, and what is general - i.e. the Universe - aims at reflecting itself in every single thing on the other. All speculations, however, which are transferred from single things to the Universe and then to God, are merely a non-entitled extrapolation. That is why it is not a matter of coincidence that the principle of Anaxagoras that «God is everything, and everything is included in Him», adopted by Nicholas of Kuza and being a postulate of pantheism - leaves an unsettled difficulty in a shape of a fundamental antimony: pantheism - transcendence. A Pythagoresian unity associated with a number is the ultimate solution to this situation, thus a unity, which - being definitely the smallest coincides
with [coincidere] the Greatest.

The following article is an attempt at introducing a new philosophical system called recentivism. The author pays attention to the fact that it appears - in its present form - in the view of philosophical postmodernism. The present state of contemporary philosophy - in the face of failures of philosophical projects of the 20,h century - is an introduction to new universal syntheses.
Józef Bańka, almost meeting the times halfway, puts forward recentivism, a maximalistic system that can be included in the tempo-centric trend of philosophy. The original method of philosophizing a recentiori, identification of being and presence [ens et recens converturtur], appreciation of the current moment of truth in epistemology, new anthropological project of homo euthyphronicus, concept of ethics of simple-mindedness, historiosophical views, and lately a postulate of euro-recentivism - are all factors allowing inspirations in the interpretation of reality. Even more - recentivism has been researched in the Institute of Philosophy of the Silesian University [and not only there]. This new philosophical system in a shape of a wide research material awaits analysis and wide confrontation with other philosophical stances.

The author focused on a certain ideological analogy between the views of Lee Smolin and Józef Bańka. The idea that contemporary science is included in the paradigm of quasistability, thus indeterminacy, is the essence of this analogy. Bi-furcations, turbulences, attractors, are all determinants of this indeterminacy. There is no other way of examining all these complex phenomena than their «limes» description, thus in the context, which Józef Bańka calls the cognitive context of a «here-now-being». It turns out that this style is binding in the states, which are called the indeterminate states by Ilya Prigogine. This ideological motive was used by the author of the article for a description of natural phenomena.

The author clearly explains the nature of the argument between Mach, Einstein and Avenarius about the metaphysical status of being. It turns out that science and philosophy deliver separate solutions in this field. The author of the article proves that the ideas of recentivism explain these discrepancies completely. Contemporary science-competence trends reveal maximalistic tendencies. Meanwhile the author proves that with an acquisition of a recentivistic option - thus a reductionist option - one is capable of reconciling the results provided by science and philosophy. It is a very
innovative methodological solution.

The author of the article describes the current state of advanced civilization, which is based on extreme technology, digital and analogue techniques. In his article, he points that such over-sophisticated civilization [panphronic] creates certain threats and danger, which were described as globalization. The author notices certain antidote to this situation - it is included in the ideas of ethics of simple-mindedness. This way he assimilates - in a way - the philosophy of recentivism in an attempt at explaining its peculiarities, its panphronicity.

This work presents a construct: a «simple-minded behavior», which consists of the following features: spontaneity, creativity, empathy, trust and emotional response. Simpleminded behavior is characteristic of both a simple-minded man [acc. to J. Bańka] and a selfrealizing man [acc. to A.H. Maslowj. This construct is thus an axis of similarities between philosophy and psychology. This article presents the results of empirical research into simple-minded behavior and a questionnaire of simple-mindedness. The researches proved that simple-minded behaviors are associated with a feeling of inner control. It is likely that simplemindedness is conducive to inner-controllability and vice versa - a feeling of inner control is conducive to simple-minded behaviors.

The author makes an attempt at analyzing the selected aspects of contemporary philosophizing, which often depends on the pressure from mass culture and conventional standards of «professionalism». He emphasizes the negative influence of such a way of philosophizing, which ignores the need of a minimal spiritual preparation for such a task of both the creators, as well as receivers. Meanwhile, the vitality of philosophy is based on validity of discussed problems that bother the minds and hearts of men of contemporary era and the making aware of them is the starting point of trustworthy philosophizing. The author criticizes the abstract and specialized «philosophical assessments», which are absorbed in a purely external way and without any relation to the actual experience of a man. The meaning of the so-called natural premises of individual philosophizing was emphasized. A philosopher can take up the task of his philosophical «self-creation» and achieve a necessary minimum of the spiritual identity of a person that has something to say on the basis of those premises. The process of a subjective establishment of philosophy requires a great deal of independence of mind and will of a philosopher because he is a subject to many external risks, including the pressure of various types of ideological «relativistic» thinking, which negates both the identity [the nature] of the subject and the negation of the sense of the European philosophical tradition. A reflection on philosophy, realized in relation with the reality of man in its actual empirical form, appears to be the only effective remedy for the attempts of a «deconstructive» reducing it to a formal «servant» of numerous dubious social concepts and ideologies.

According to the author, a tendency of an evolution of a man towards intensification of rationality has been essential for people to survive as a biological species among other species, especially because people need a certain comfort of living. It would be native to claim that the increase of rationality and wisdom had taken place simultaneously and at the same rate as the increase of knowledge. Although the collective wisdom of a population increases, it does not however translate itself into individual wisdom. A reduction of the unused informative abilities of our brain proceeds, yet we do not know where and when this reduction ends and what are the following consequences for human species.

The possibilities of an elimination of causes that lead our civilization to degradation of natural and social environments and prevention of global catastrophe in consequence have to be searched for in the factors of consciousness. These include a philosophy that proposes a change of mentality, ideals, giving up the idea of controlling nature and people. It is a philosophy directed at the environment, which our life and chances of next generations’ survival depend on, i.e. eco-philosophy.
Wiesław Sztumski is the author of the environmentalist concept. Environmentalism is a philosophy, which - suggesting a change of the way of thinking and guidance of ecological thinking - creates a chance of changes in the social environment of a man. This social environment - together with the natural environment - determines the existence of people. In environmentalism, a change of the attitude of a man towards the environment he lives in is possible; consequently, an environment perceived as hostile can be treated as friendly. It is also likely that a revolution of consciousness and personalities of people will take place on the basis of environmentalism, which will enable a transition from the civilization of death to the civilization of life.

The article focuses on the problem of a historiosophical aspect of war considered against the background of the theory of an English philosopher, A.J. Toynbee. A reflection on the influence of wars on history constitutes one of the most important issues in this theory. A separate work entitled War and Civilization, which constitutes of many fragments of a multivolume work entitled, A Study of History, is devoted to the above problem. Toynbee considers war from the point of view of histories of individual civilizations because he represents the so-called civilization trend in historiosophy, which considers civilization the smallest unit of a historical research. He expresses a view that war has to be seen as a means of selfannihilation of such institutions as slavery, caste, and class struggle, which have an unfavorable influence on civilized populations. In order to illustrate the destructive influence of war on the history of civilization he refers to the idea of militarism, which he understands as a desire of being at war for its own cause without a justifiable target or necessity. Referring to historical facts, he attempts at proving that the consequences of such activity have
always been tragic at the end of the day - the civilization saturated with militarism no longer exists. He claims that the future of humanity depends on the ability of a proper advantage of this knowledge.

The problem of psychoanalytic depiction of «noble democracy» is the subject of the article. This notion deserves to be analyzed for at least two reasons: 1) it is still up-to-date and has not lost its significance; many researchers claim that the noble culture determined the «national character» of Poles; 2) the familiarity of the psychoanalytical aspect of «noble democracy» can be a starting point of a discussion about the integration of Poland with the European Union. Obtaining an answer to the question of how Poles acted in the conditions of «noble democracy» and whether this behavior can be explained in terms of psychoanalysis is the target of this publication. A work of S.I. Witkiewicz entitled Niemyte dusze [Unwashed Souls] constitutes a theoretical basis for the considerations. In this work, Witkacy acquired such a concept of a man, which makes it possible to explain the identity of a Pole and the Polish status quo. The analysis of crucial Polish problems has been made in reference to the most important category of psychoanalysis - an inferiority complex, also called a «knot of handicap». According to the author of Unwashed Souls, the «inferiority complex» constitutes the «national character» of Poles. This character became the basis of unsuccessful uprisings, partitions, etc. According to Witkacy, a Pole has misacted the «knot of handicap» from the times of «noble democracy», which has revealed itself in interpersonal relations, exaggerated pride, servility, depreciation of others, alcoholism, pseudo-intellectualism, egoism, «the smile of a fool». Anarchy and lack of discipline prevailed at the level of social organization. Thus, it should not be surprising that the Polish creative activity «definitely stands below the European average».

The author of the article attempts at presenting the output of transcendental philosophy of Kant at the turn of the 19th century in Poland through the creative output of Adam Mahrburg and Marian Massonius. These thinkers were the most outstanding representatives of the Polish new-critical philosophy, which was numbered among the second [critical] stage of positivism in Poland that had raised the importance of cognizance in philosophy. It resulted in Kant’s provenience of philosophical criticism. However, their attitude towards the philosophy of Kant was ambivalent, and this is what the author tries to show by examining the stance of Massonius in this case.

According to the author, the idea of a horizon is of a fundamental meaning to the phenomenological research of Edmund Husserl. This meaning, however, underwent a significant evolution analogical to the one that took place in the case of the idea of the world. As a result, a horizon means that what is not currently experienced in an adequate way is a certain alleged context of a subject in the experience. The author discusses the details of the evolution of the idea of horizon in the philosophy of Husserl.

The awareness of a crisis is common. «Crisis» is a keyword, which refers to numerous fields of life. The problem of the crisis of culture belongs to the most important issues of contemporary thought. The article is an attempt at presenting the main areas of a philosophical discourse about the crisis. There are a couple of semantic options prepared for the needs of systematization; these options include the content of crucial philosophical questions associated with the crisis, as well as directions of a philosophical quest for sense, essence and sources of the crisis. The idea of a crisis belongs to the main problems, which serve self-reflection and selfidentification in philosophy. The philosophical discussion about the crisis also concerns the crisis of the identity of philosophy and is contemporarily associated with a creation of new philosophical projects.

The author of the article discusses the forms of postmodernism in music. According to her, Wagner was the first great figure of modernism in music. He initiated the aspiration after the overcoming of a tonal system, which was obligatory in music from the half of the 18Ih century. After experimental stages, the musical ways of modernism are exhausted. Minimalism is the first reaction to modernism. Minimalism is numbered among postmodern musical trends. It consists in a repetition of fragments of a given piece. Pieces of historical composers are reinterpreted in postmodernism. The author describes various types of postmodernism in contemporary music and provides examples of such.