Niniejszy, już 22. tom Neophilologica, czasopisma, które założył Staszek Karolak, poświęcamy Jemu — naszemu Mistrzowi i Przyjacielowi.

Niniejszy, już 22. tom Neophilologica, czasopisma, które założył Staszek Karolak, poświęcamy Jemu — naszemu Mistrzowi i Przyjacielowi.

Recent research on the phonetic development of proto-Slavic leads one to the conclusion that the phonetic structure of the word, which was part of the Balto-Slavic heritage, underwent significant restructuring resulting from a string of interlaced processes such as (1) loss of vowel length distinctions, (2) monophthongization of diphthongs, (3) emerging of nasalized vowels, (4) loss of glides, (5) palatal assimilation before /j/ and front vowels, (6) a tendency to open syllables and its ramifications (simplification of consonant clusters and disappearance of consonants in word-final position. The array of changes, as observed in proto-Slavic, have also been attested in the evolution of the Romance group. Since the Romance changes took place earlier and are well documented, they can be used to determine the order of and the rationale behind the parallel processes in proto-Slavic.

This article deals with the lexicon, which is an important part of controlled languages. It is designed so as to increase readability of texts written using this subset of language by reducing their ambiguity and complexity. It is shown that developing a controlled language lexicon by severely reducing its size, thus eliminating some lexemes and approving only some of the possible meanings leads to conflicts. Very often these arise between general grammatical principles governing a controlled language and the terms to be included in the lexicon.

In this article we reflect on how to code relaters of cause. These relaters do not always express cause in the same way. Connectors such as parce que (because) or puisque (since) are adequately coded: they can only be interpreted in French as expressing cause and there is never any ambiguity associated with them. Other relaters are overcoded when, as well as the cause, they also have added information, such as obligation relating to the cause as in forcer quelqu’un à faire quelque chose (to force someone to do something). Thirdly and lastly, a large number of connectors are undercoded: they do not express cause of their own, and they only have this interpretation through inference. This is the case which is examined in this article. This inference may be noted for metaphorical causes, such as that of motion (Cette politique conduit au désastre/This policy leads to disaster); of origin (Cette politique est la source de tous nos maux/This policy is the source of all our ills); or from botany (L’échec était en germe dans cette tentative/Failure was in the seed of this attempt). Other inferences rely on the idea of frequency (Chaque fois qu’il pleut, cette route est impracticable/Every time it rains this road is impracticable) or quite simply parataxis: La route est mouillée, il a plu/the road is wet. It has rained. It thus may be seen that cause has multiple interpretations and that the way it is coded is an important step in analysing circumstantial relationships.

The aim of this article is to present a set of rules applicable in translation of Polish imperfective past tense to French language. We emphasize certain phenomena peculiar to Slavic languages, which are in general difficult to translate. The article is composed of two parts. The first one offers specific rules of translation based on the theory of aspect of Stanisław Karolak, which can be directly applied in text translation. The second area of study is devoted to the analysis of chosen connotations of imperfective forms in Polish language and offers sample solutions to the problems of translation.

This volume edited in memory of our beloved friend Stanisław Karolak is an invitation to step into metalinguistic territory of autonymy. Its lofty aim is to illustrate several apparent paradoxes of autonymy (or mention) and find answers for difficulties in linguistic description of this phenomenon.

In this paper the author analyses the role of rhematic part in the information structure of discourse defined as the thematic-rhematic hierarchical structure. The main area of author`s interest is connected with the levels of thematic-rhematic structures
which are not limited to the sentence level. The structures in question are organized in groups of sentences which are subordinate to partial themes. The author will show not only the preliminary list of possible thematic-rhematic configurations appearing in the place where these groups contact, but also an example of the analysis of discourse information structure.

The aim of this paper is to describe the phenomenon of syntagmatic verbs in Italian language with a following analysis of one of them mettere fuori. Every derived meaning of mettere fuori is followed by an example of the phrase in which it can be used together with its translation into Polish. The scrutiny is aimed at proving that mettere fuori is not infrequently accompanied with an auxiliary object before the exact one. The author of the article emphasizes the problem both of the particularity of syntagmatic verbs in Italian and of the research of their equivalents in Polish.

In the intensional theory of article proposed by Stanisław Karolak, the article is a symbol which plays a reflexive function rather than a semantic one in the structure of a noun phrase. It reflects the intensional values of phrases placed in the syntactic positions opened by other elements. Various languages may develop different rules of selecting the reflexive symbols of definiteness in noun phrases which are equivalent and intensionnally identical across languages. The aim of this article is to verify if the intensional theory could explain the absence of formal exponents of definiteness / indefiniteness in Polish.

This article deals with the so called “Imperfective paradox” and the way in which this paradox is explained by S. Karolak’s theory of aspect. The “Imperfective paradox” concerns the accomplishment verbs (Vendler) in the progressive form, which is generally considered in English as the imperfective aspect. One of the consequences of this paradox is that for instance the sentence John was drawing a circle doesn’t imply John drew a circle. In the theory of S. Karolak this paradox disappears. Theses verbs are analyzed as telic configuration of aspects or limitative-telic configuration of aspects.

This study aims to present a semantic analysis of a verbal communication: senses of predicates, propositional constructions, structures topic-focus of texts built around predicates of communication to find out ‘strategy’ for the transmission of information in such texts. The practicale use of it is translation. Analyze are based based on the methodology of the grammar-based semantic of S. Karolak.

This paper aims at discussing the amount of grammatical information that has to be included into an adequate lexical description of a language and into an ideal dictionary. Unlike classificatory nouns, such relational terms as verbs, adjectives and nouns of events can only be defined on condition that some relevant grammatical and relational properties are taken into account. Against the distinction between punctual and relational concepts, focus will be put on verbs, and the following topics
will be illustrated: the distributional concept of use, the different grammatical functions of verbs, valency, lexical solidarities, polysemy.

The goal is that our article is not accountable or even less, to take sides in the debate on substation PC / IMP and IMP / PC. Quite the contrary, we are proposing to clarify some issues related to the substitution of temporal operators in the descriptions of multiple events, we will search in the current work tracks and tools for our investigation. Throughout this paper, we try to show the elements for the replacement PC / IMP and IMP / PC in sentences referring to many. It is, indeed, they are from different levels of analysis, although strictly interrelated.