Muhammad appears in the history not only as the creator of a new Islam religion. He appears also as an organizer and leader of the moslem community — umma. In his public activity he has been able to unite the nomadic Arabian tribes and to form a close state with regard to religion and politic, based on theocratic organization. In order to form the first moslem community Muhammad started his activity in Mecca in the years 610–622. Although he just became famous in the territory of Medina as a good politician, legislator, organizer and leader, we may admit, basing on the opinions of contemporary experts of this problem, that already in Mecca, proclaiming himself as a prophet and God's messenger, he had the intention to form a community consisting of believers in one God.
In the first years of his activity in Mecca he did not attain good results. His rigoristic monotheism has been accepted negatively by the rearch citizens of Mecca who, in the actual relations, have been gaining profits from the cult of pagan Gods, existing in their city. Among his followers, besides few important citizens of the city, there were poor people and slaves. Muhammad organized his first community basing on quite new principles. Till Muhammad's appearence the Arabians did not create higher forms of state. They have had a tribe organization. The uniting factor for the Arabians has been the tradition of common descent. Forming his community Muhammad has broken with the old tribe organization. The uniting factor for his followers has not been the bond of blood but common worship of one God. The bond of blood, on which the Arabian tribe organization has been based Muhammad has substituted by a religion determining not only the duties of the community member but also regulating the total collective life. In autumn 622 it has come to formal breaking of the bonds with his native city and with the former tribe and race community. At that time Muhammad, with the group of his belivers, has moved to Medina. The moving to Medina has been called — hidjra. Hidjra has been very important in the further history of the moslem community and iniciated a new moslem era, existing in the Islam countries to the present time.
Download files
Citation rules
Licence
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The Copyright Owners of the submitted texts grant the Reader the right to use the pdf documents under the provisions of the Creative Commons 4.0 International License: Attribution-Share-Alike (CC BY-SA). The user can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose.
1. License
The University of Silesia Press provides immediate open access to journal’s content under the Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Authors who publish with this journal retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned CC BY-SA 4.0 license.
2. Author’s Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s.
If the article contains illustrative material (drawings, photos, graphs, maps), the author declares that the said works are of his authorship, they do not infringe the rights of the third party (including personal rights, i.a. the authorization to reproduce physical likeness) and the author holds exclusive proprietary copyrights. The author publishes the above works as part of the article under the licence "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International".
ATTENTION! When the legal situation of the illustrative material has not been determined and the necessary consent has not been granted by the proprietary copyrights holders, the submitted material will not be accepted for editorial process. At the same time the author takes full responsibility for providing false data (this also regards covering the costs incurred by the University of Silesia Press and financial claims of the third party).
3. User Rights
Under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license, the users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) the article for any purpose, provided they attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor.
4. Co-Authorship
If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
I hereby declare that in the event of withdrawal of the text from the publishing process or submitting it to another publisher without agreement from the editorial office, I agree to cover all costs incurred by the University of Silesia in connection with my application.
Vol. 1 (1968)
Published: 2021-03-10
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
English
Język Polski