The article presents the object-oriented method on the basis of a lexicographic description of the object category of “sweets”. The analysis covered several nouns confirmed by Office de la Langue Française au Québec. These are the forms to be found both in the French standard language and its Quebec variety. The nouns were described from the perspective of the object classes, and possible differences between the Quebec and European usage were signalled. The author notices that these differences concern morphology or syntax to a small extent whereas are limited to the level of lexis, which is visible in translations into Polish among other things. The lexicographic description according to the object-oriented method was illustrated with the results deriving from three exemplary nouns (caramel, bonbon, chocolat). As a conclusion, it was stated that all nouns examined can be placed in the object class of “sweets” defined by a set of predicates typical of a given class, and that a division of this class into sub-classes requires a more detailed analysis conducted using a richer linguistic material.

The future tense futur antérieur, in addition to other values, mainly temporary ones, may indicate probability. The article presents the result of the analysis of the Polish equivalents of this future tense. The analysis is based on the corpus of literary texts of 19th and 20th centuries translated into Polish. The futur antérieur is generally translated through the construction with the verb musieć, various opinion verbs and modal adverbs which indicate the degree of certainty of the speaker towards the contents of his utterance. The absence of the modal expression is possible only in interrogative clauses, in alternatives, with indefinite pronouns or when preceding verb indicates the probability.

The article deals with the problem of semantic heredity in the semantic class of the parts of the body. This is an analysis situated within the frame of the object-oriented perspective propagated by W. Banyś, used to describe 89 words belonging to the above-mentioned category. Problems with ascribing particular parts of the body to the proper superclasses were described, as well as the criteria used to distinguish the main three superclasses all the elements belonging to the object class of the parts of the body can be qualified to.

The main topic of this paper deals with the pragmatic-semantic analysis of political speeches on the internet. It aims at examining the different uses of the word “libéral” and its derivatives within the Constitution Treaty for Europe on political blogs during the referendum campaign. It studies the meaning of the word “libéral” according to its various uses and analyzes the semantic evolution of this concept in a syntagmatic perspective. This study is based on a corpus of political blogs collected from January to June 2005.

The majority of linguists is currently of an opinion that proper names are asemantic. Disagreeing with this assumption, the author of the article, making use of an example of antonomasy, makes an attempt to prove that they have a semantic meaning. As a result of it, one can speak of the changes of meaning, not its appearance out of nothing in the case of their transfer to the category of common names. The analysis of the mechanisms of semantic changes taking place during eponym creation, or, in other words, appellatives deriving from nomina propria, is preceded by a complete overview of theories concerning antonomasy. In order to explain the antonomasy mechanisms governing the change of a morphosyntactic category (nomen proprium – appellativum), as well as semantic changes accompanying it, the notions such as connotations and so called charge culturelle partagée by R. Galisson were used. Also, the author of the article relied on F. Rastier’s theory concerning inherent and afferent sems. In the analysis of the process of moving names from one category to another during which afferent sems of proper names become inherents deriving from their common names, a special emphasis was put on the role of paralinguistic reality (culture, needs of language users).

Making use of the notions of prototype and semantic invariants, the author of the article proposes an analysis of French past tenses and their description in the shape of semanto-cognitive schemes. An attempt to explain linguistic phenomena, especially the grammatical ones, on the basis of human cognitive abilities, that is taking into account the way he/she conceptualises reality, which is the basis for constructing an utternace, as well as their whole presentation, that is including all values, uses and functions of the categories examined, seems to be more exhaustive and more convincing in consequence.

There exist in French some verbal sequences which are used to “actualize” nominal predicates and which have a same role assigned with standard support verbs. These constructions have a problematic structuring insofar as they are plural or rather complexes from where their denomination “complex support verbs”. Our objective consists, in this article, to describe their double combinative: an intern combinative which assimilate them to frozen sequences and another external which has a similar syntactic and semantic operation with that of the standard support verbs. We will show through the description of a particular type of complex supports verbs, namely the passive complex support verbs, common properties of this verbs in French and Arabic languages. We will release, finally specificities of the Arabic passive complex support verbs.

For a long time monopolized by the rhetoricians, the metonymy begins to be the object of some semantic works which remain however rather fragmentary, not offering global vision of the functioning of this mechanism. We give in this article a definition of the metonymy based on the theoretical model of the classes d’objets. We define then the relation between appropriate predicates and arguments suited as frame of analysis of the metonymical transfers of the predicates between correlated classes of arguments. Finally, it is through the examination of the relation between the classes of <producers> and <productions> that generates sentences like I’m reading an American author, I’m listening to Mozart, etc., that we study the metonymy of argumental type. Our analysis settles as objective the detection and the automatic generation of the metonymy.

The aim of the article is to describe situational structures in a specific type of press discourse, that is fait divers, and, at the same time, answer the question on how the receiver, when interpreting a discourse, creates a coherent representation of the fragment of the world the author considers to be an anomaly. The analyses are based on the typology of anomalies in ontological structures created by R. Barthes (1964), taken from the sociology of communication and its notion of an experimental frame (E. Goffman, 1991), as well as the notion of a cognitive event, developed from cognitive grammar (R. Langacker in : E. Tabakowska, red., 2001).

The article analyses selected examples of the SN1 is SN2 generic metaphors that refer to the phenomena of immigration and racism. It appears that in majority of the analyzed metaphors, the SN2 position is occupied by the so called “domesticated term”, which, owing to its high degree of conventionality, assures the proper interpretation of a given metaphor. Furthermore, though of a generally neutral character, the term SN2 acquires a pejorative meaning when it enters in the metaphorical relation with the term SN1, and at the same time expresses the causes of negative attitudes towards immigrants. These causes, in their turn, seem to reflect such social phenomena as hidden racism and an actual group conflict. This allows us to assume that language discrimination, or the so called political incorrectness, is not a question of single words, but of the relations existing between them.

The following paper aims at presenting the metaphorical conceptualization of dubbio in the cognitive approach. In basis of the gathered linguistic corpus, which constitutes of information provided by internet sites, the researches evidence the conceptualization of dubbio by transferring some of its aspects to the world of senses. The results demonstrate the complex and coherent cognitive model that describes the concept of dubbio as an entity directly perceptible by means of five physical senses. The dubbio is metaphorized as an actual object, perceptible thanks to the visual, acoustic, tactile, gustatory and olfactory sensibility.

The aim of the article is to analyze and describe a group of substantives belonging to the category of natural phenomena. The main concepts used in the description are : light verb, the semantic notion of opérateur général, opérateur approprié. The author considers the problem of the classification of substantives belonging to the discussed category. The events traditionally perceived as natural phenomena do not form a homogenous class from a linguistic point of view. In the final part she presents an analysis and generalizations that characterize the category of natural phenomena.

This article attempts to describe non-autonomous predicates in French according to the methodology of the LDI Laboratory. Starting from the idea that a predicate can have different forms (verb, adjective, noun, adverb, etc.) and that the description of this predicate should take into account these morphological variations, we have chosen the notion of predicative root which is presented as a factorization of all the linguistic properties (morphology, syntax and semantics) applied to all the uses of the predicates derived from the same root. The classification of these predicative roots is made on the basis of a predicative equivalence, defined by means of syntactical and semantic criteria.

In a brief presentation of the subject of synonymy a special emphasis was put on relations between assertion, presupposition and suggestion within the scope of what is being said. What was considered to be synonymous constituted those expressions which represent identical assertion. The article analyses the cases in which such a relation of synonymy is broken. On the basis of the analyses the reasons for such a status quo were given, and a conclusion was made concerning a general inevitability of the lack of synonymy within the scope of a given language as opposed to a possible, that often equally unrealized, interlingual synonymy.

This study analyses some examples of spatial use of the French verb monter which description is based on object-oriented approach. First the study presents the general concept of spatiality proposed by J.-P. Desclés in his analysis of the verb monter. Then the importance of class of objects is emphasized in reference to the disambiguation of verbs. Finally all the examples of spatial use of the verb monter are translated into Polish in base of the syntactic-semantic schemes what becomes the main idea of the comparative study of translation carried out by the author.

The article concerns the analysis of attributes and operators used to a lexicographic description of a semantic class of the parts of the body according to the object-oriented conception propagated by W. Banyś. This conception focuses on the notion of the object class defined as a set of elements distinguished by means of predicates (divided into attributes and operators) typical of a given class and organised by means of a proper frame. Here, the author presents different problems connected with the classification of attributes and operators within the class in question, and explains the solutions used by her.

The aim of the article is to describe the evolution of the research subject the linguistics of a text used to deal with starting from the 1960s. The very description covers the period from text grammars formulated under the influence of generative-transformational grammar to cognitive discourse models developing contemporarily. What illustrates this latest research trend is the conception of a discourse as a multidimensional object constituting information, ontological, axiological, functional, and expression structures, and genre convention the author has been developing since 1990s (E. Miczka, 1993, 1996, 2000, 2002).

The article discusses the role of a widely understood context, including frames and scripts, and utterances in text automatic translation. On the basis of several polysemic nouns of the French language analysed as an example, the author shows that in many cases of a lexicographic description following the object-oriented class presented by W. Banyś operators and attributes accompanying the above-mentioned nouns not always point to their proper equivalent in the target language. Therefore, it is the frame of an utterance that often happens to be the only criterion conditioning a correct interpretation and translation.

The aim of this study is to analyse some uses of the French verb sortir, which are particularly interesting in terms of translation. The examples of uses of this verb in French and their Polish translations, as well as the class of objects which is concerned are the main ideas of the study. The method of the study is based on object-oriented approach and the disambiguation by W. Banyś. First, the general concept of the object-oriented approach and the definition of the class of objects are proposed. Then the author classifies the verb sortir as a dynamic verb according to the classification by A. Borillo. Finally, the results of the analysis are presented in the syntactic-semantic schemes with the contexts found in different databases (dictionaries, Internet).