Impairment of Episodic and Working Memory as a Predictor of Dementia Development in Mild Cognitive Impairment Results From Four Years of Prospective Follow up



Abstract

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a risk factor of dementia. Early impairment in episodic memory is considered to be a predictor of progression to dementia. The goal of the study was to evaluate the utility of baseline cognitive testing of episodic and working memory in the risk assessment of the dementia development in MCI. We studied 55 MCI patients and 44 controls, assessed annually by a set of neuropsychological tests for four years. The Petersen criteria were used to diagnose MCI, and DSM-IV criteria were applied to diagnose dementia. Variant analysis revealed significant differences in the results of individual cognitive tests between MCI converters who developed Alzheimer’s disease (AD) at follow up, MCI non-converters, and controls (p < 0,05). At baseline, MCI converters had significant impairment in all tests comparing to MCI non-converters. APOE4 status had a significant influence on AD development in our MCI group (p = 0,0022). The study showed that significant impairment in baseline results of tests evaluating episodic (delayed recall) and working memory in MCI is a good predictor of dementia development in the future.
Key words: memory, mild cognitive impairment, dementia

Amieva H. et al.: Annual rate and predictors of conversion to dementia in subjects presenting mild cognitive impairment criteria defined according to a population‑based study. “Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders” 2004, No. 18, p. 87–93.

Baudic S. et al.: Executive function deficits in early Alzheimer’s disease and their relations with episodic memory. “Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology” 2006, No. 21, p. 15–21.

Beck A.T. et al.: An inventory for measuring depression. “Archives of General Psychiatry” 1961, No. 4, p. 53–63.

Belleville S. et al.: Characterizing the memory changes in persons with mild cognitive impairment. “Progress in Brain Research” 2008, No. 169, p. 365–375.

Caselli R.J. et al.: Cognitive domain decline in healthy apolipoprotein E ε4 homozygotes before the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment. “Archives of Neurology” 2007, No. 64 (9), p. 1306–1311.

Daselaar S.M., Fleck M.S., Cabeza R.: Triple dissociation in the medial temporal lobes: recollection, familiarity, and novelty. “Journal of Neurophysiology” 2006, No. 96 (4), p. 1902–1911.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV. Washington, American Psychiatric Association 1994.

Diana R.A., Yonelinas A.P., Ranganath C.: Imaging recollection and familiarity in the medial temporal lobe: a three‑component model. “Trends in Cognitive Sciences” 2007, No. 11 (9), p. 379–386.

Dubois B. et al.: Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease revising the NINDCS‑ADRDA criteria. “Lancet Neurology” 2007, No. 6 (8), p. 734–746.

Farlow M.R. et al.: Impact of APOE in mild cognitive impairment. “Neurology” 2004, No. 63, p. 1898–1901.

Foldi N.S.: Getting the hang of it: preferential gist over verbatim story recall and the roles of attentional capacity and the episodic buffer in Alzheimer disease. “Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society” 2011, No. 17 (1), p. 69–79.

Folstein M.F., Folstein S.E., McHugh P.R.: Mini‑mental state. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. “Journal of Psychiatric Research” 1975, No. 12, p. 189–198.

Gabryelewicz T. et al.: The rate of conversion of mild cognitive impairment to dementia: predictive role of depression. “International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry” 2007, No. 22, p. 563–567.

Gatz J.L. et al.: Do depressive symptoms predict Alzheimer’s disease and dementia? “Journal of Gerontology” 2005, No. 60 (6), p. 744–747.

Hort J. et al.: EFNS guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer’s disease. “European Journal of Neurology” 2010, No. 17, p. 1236–1248.

Huntley J.D., Howard R.J.: Working memory in early Alzheimer’s disease: a neuropsychological review. “International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry” 2010, No. 25 (2), p. 121–132.

Lezak M.D., Howieson D.B., Loring D.W.: Neuropsychological Assessment. New York – Oxford, Oxford University Press 2004.

McKhann G. et al.: Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: report of NINCDS‑ADRDA Work group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s disease. “Neurology” 1984, No. 34, p. 939–944.

Montgomery S.A., Asberg M.: A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. “British Journal of Psychiatry” 1979, No. 134, p. 382–389.

Perri R. et al.: Amnestic mild cognitive impairment: difference of memory profile in subjects who converted or did not convert to Alzheimer’s disease. “Neuropsychology” 2007, No. 21 (5), p. 549–558.

Petersen R.C. et al.: Apolipoprotein E status as a predictor of the development of Alzheimer’s disease in memory‑impaired individuals. “JAMA” 1995, No. 273 (16), p. 1274–1278.

Petersen R.C. et al.: Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. “Archives of Neurology” 1999, No. 56, p. 303–308.

Petersen R.C. et al.: Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment is higher in men. “Neurology” 2010, No. 10, p. 889–897.

Price S.E. et al.: Learning and memory in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: contribution of working memory. “Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society” 2010, No. 16 (2), p. 342–351.

Redefining Alzheimer’s Disease: NIA and Alzheimer’s Association Float New Draft Diagnostic Criteria. (Alzheimer’s Association International Conference on Alzheimer’s Disease – ICAD, 2010). Honolulu 2010.

Roman G.C. et al.: Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS‑ARIEN International Workshop. “Neurology” 1993, No. 43, p. 250–260.

Rosenberg P.B., Johnston D., Lyketsos C.G.: A clinical approach to mild cognitive impairment. “American Journal of Psychiatry” 2006, No. 163 (11), p. 1884–1890.

Saiki R.K., Levenson C.H., Ehrlich H.A.: Genetic analysis of amplified DANN with immobilized sequence specific oligonucleotide probes. “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences” 1989, No. 86, p. 6230–6234.

Schulman K.L., Shedletsky R., Silver I.L.: The challenge of time: Clock drawing and cognitive function in the elderly. “International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry” 1986, No. 1, p. 135–140.

Strauss E., Sherman E.M.S., Spreen O.: A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests, Administration, Norms and Commentary. [Oxford ], Oxford University Press 2006.

Tabert M.H. et al.: Functional deficit in patients with mild cognitive impairment: prediction of AD. “Neurology” 2002, No. 58, p. 758–764.

Tervo S. et al.: Incidence and risk factors for mild cognitive impairment: A population‑based three‑year follow‑up study of cognitive healthy elderly subjects. “Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders” 2004, No. 17, p. 196–203.

Tognoni G. et al.: From mild cognitive impairment to dementia: a prevalence study in a district of Tuskany, Italy. “Acta Neurologica Scandinavica” 2005, No. 112, p. 65–71.

Unsworth N.: Variation in working memory capacity, fluid intelligence, and episodic recall: a latent variable examination of differences in the dynamics of free recall. “Memory & Cognition” 2009, No. 37 (6), p. 837–849.

Winblad B. et al.: Mild cognitive impairment: beyond controversies, towards a consensus. “Journal of Internal Medicine” 2004, No. 256, p. 240–246.

Wolf H. et al.: The prognosis of mild cognitive impairment in the elderly. “Journal of Neural Transmission” 1998, No. 54, p. 31–50.

Wolk D.A., Dickerson B.C.: Fractionating verbal episodic memory in Alzheimer’s disease. “Neuroimage” 2011, No. 54 (2), p. 1530–1539.

Yener G.G. et al.: Diagnosis profile and comparison of risk factors in major types of dementia: an hospital based study. “Journal of the Neurological Sciences” 2004, No. 21 (4), p. 301–310.


Published : 2016-12-22


SiudaJ., Patalong‑OgiewaM., & OpalaG. (2016). Impairment of Episodic and Working Memory as a Predictor of Dementia Development in Mild Cognitive Impairment Results From Four Years of Prospective Follow up. Logopedia Silesiana, (5), 138-151. Retrieved from https://journals.us.edu.pl/index.php/LOGOPEDIASILESIANA/article/view/7271

Joanna Siuda  logopediasilesiana@us.edu.pl
Katedra i Klinika Neurologii, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach Oddział Neurologii, Uniwersyteckie Centrum Kliniczne im. prof. Kornela Gibińskiego, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach 
Maja Patalong‑Ogiewa 
Oddział Neurologii, Uniwersyteckie Centrum Kliniczne im. prof. Kornela Gibińskiego, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach 
Grzegorz Opala 
Katedra i Klinika Neurologii, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach 



Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

The Copyright Owners of the submitted texts grant the Reader the right to use the pdf documents under the provisions of the Creative Commons 4.0 International License: Attribution-Share-Alike (CC BY SA). The user can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose.

1. License

The University of Silesia Press provides immediate open access to journal’s content under the Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Authors who publish with this journal retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned CC BY-SA 4.0 license.

2. Author’s Warranties

The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s.

If the article contains illustrative material (drawings, photos, graphs, maps), the author declares that the said works are of his authorship, they do not infringe the rights of the third party (including personal rights, i.a. the authorization to reproduce physical likeness) and the author holds exclusive proprietary copyrights. The author publishes the above works as part of the article under the licence "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International".

ATTENTION! When the legal situation of the illustrative material has not been determined and the necessary consent has not been granted by the proprietary copyrights holders, the submitted material will not be accepted for editorial process. At the same time the author takes full responsibility for providing false data (this also regards covering the costs incurred by the University of Silesia Press and financial claims of the third party).

3. User Rights

Under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license, the users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) the article for any purpose, provided they attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor.

4. Co-Authorship

If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.

I hereby declare that in the event of withdrawal of the text from the publishing process or submitting it to another publisher without agreement from the editorial office, I agree to cover all costs incurred by the University of Silesia in connection with my application.