The key question in the psycho-pedagogical rehabilitation of a child with cochlear implantation (CI) is: what point is to be considered as the “initial point” of the child’s new auditory and speech abilities. The article presents the idea of this “initial point”. The “initial point” depends on the understanding of the early hearing and speech ontogenesis. The article presents an approach to psycho-pedagogical rehabilitation of a child with CI based on the understanding of normal hearing and speech ontogenesis in the context of the development and complication of emotional interaction of the child with their parents and relatives. According to this approach, the “initial point” is considered as the launch of a new emotional dialogue with relatives on a new sensory basis. This “initial point” is common for different groups of children with CI. The exception is children who became deaf and who did not manage to retain emotional interaction with their relatives. The “initial point” in this case is the point of ontogenesis where interaction with environment on a normal sensory basis started to deteriorate.

Key words: child, deafness, hearing loss, cochlear implantation, rehabilitation, early auditory ontogenesis, emotional dialogue, sensory basis of interaction

The main concern of this paper is the initial stage of rehabilitation of a child with a cochlear implant installed. For the first time, four sessions of activities with a surdo-teacher were identified in the initial stage of rehabilitation, taking into account their aims, content and signals that indicate the end of each session and the whole rehabilitation stage.

Key words: child, deafness, hearing loss, cochlear implantation, dialogue and emotional cooperation in therapy, speech comprehension, spontaneous development of speech

The article presents successful and unsuccessful case stories of children after cochlear implantation. They illustrate considerable differences in the development of children with cochlear implants installed: from high development scores for the age group and the ability to attend regular school classes with hearing pears, to a significant delay not only in relation to the age group, but also in relation to deaf children of the same age who receive special education. The article shows that a failure to complete the initial stage of rehabilitation after cochlear implantation precludes further development of the child as a hearing individual and makes complete socialization impossible.

Key words: child, deafness, hearing loss, cochlear implantation, initial rehabilitation stage, natural development of speech and communication, level of development, age group norm

The article focuses on theoretical approaches present in the subject literature regarding the essence and efficiency conditions of communication of deaf children. The main aim of this article is to show the directions of desirable changes resulting not only from the use of selected methods, but present also in philosophical approaches to this problem. Currently, the prevailing view is that education and rehabilitation of deaf children are most effective when the communication process includes various codes, that is, not only speech, but manual codes too, such as: cued speech, dactylography, and ideographic signs of sign language.
Key words: efficiency of communicationspeech shaping methods, deaf children

The subcortical structures form the middle part of the central nervous system. They create systems which are some kind of basis for performing intentional tasks with the cooperation of the cortical centers. So the extrapyramidal system provides the fluid motion by the unconscious influence on the muscle tone distribution. However, the cooperation with the pyramidal system and the cerebellum is necessary for the performance of intentional tasks. The limbic system is formed by the grey matter structures which are engaged in the control of memory and learning processes. The major transmission station for the sensory information creates the thalamus which is connected with the extrapyramidal and limbic system. The organism adaptation to the changeable external conditions is provided by the hypothalamus involving many chemoreceptors of grey matter nuclei. It supplies internal balance and the equilibrium of body fluids, making use of the antagonism of the centers located there.
Key words: extrapyramidal system, basal ganglia, diencephalon, autonomous system, limbic system

This paper aims at presenting the evolution of neurolinguistic models and provides their review and summary. The author presents the traditional and modern models and reflects on the linguistic interpretation of the results of neurological experiments.
Key words: neurolinguistics, processing model, language function, neural network

This paper aims at presenting the development of modern neurolinguistic research by providing its review and summary. At the end, the author includes a catalog of correlations between
language functions and neural networks as well as an extensive bibliography, containing selected publications in the field of neurolinguistics.
Key words: neurolinguistics, experiment, language function, neural network

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a risk factor of dementia. Early impairment in episodic memory is considered to be a predictor of progression to dementia. The goal of the study was to evaluate the utility of baseline cognitive testing of episodic and working memory in the risk assessment of the dementia development in MCI. We studied 55 MCI patients and 44 controls, assessed annually by a set of neuropsychological tests for four years. The Petersen criteria were used to diagnose MCI, and DSM-IV criteria were applied to diagnose dementia. Variant analysis revealed significant differences in the results of individual cognitive tests between MCI converters who developed Alzheimer’s disease (AD) at follow up, MCI non-converters, and controls (p < 0,05). At baseline, MCI converters had significant impairment in all tests comparing to MCI non-converters. APOE4 status had a significant influence on AD development in our MCI group (p = 0,0022). The study showed that significant impairment in baseline results of tests evaluating episodic (delayed recall) and working memory in MCI is a good predictor of dementia development in the future.
Key words: memory, mild cognitive impairment, dementia

The frequency of dementia is growing in today’s world. Most cases are of Alzheimer’s disease. One of the most significant factors in the process of early diagnosis is neuropsychological examination. The article discusses basic issues concerning making and interpreting neuropsychological evaluation with patients suffering from dementia.
Key words: Alzheimer’s disease, neuropsychological examination

Speech disorders, presented in terms of theoretical models in speech-therapy literature, may manifest themselves in clinical practice as diverse spectra of symptoms, far removed from model descriptions. In many cases, the speech therapist detects coupled difficulties resulting from overlapping pathomechanisms. The high degree of complicacy of symptoms usually stems from disorders in the course of complicated illness complexes of the developmental age. To draw conclusions on the neurobiological mechanisms of speaking difficulties in the context of the still developing brain and other organic systems is a very difficult task. The article presents the specificity of childhood disintegrative disorders, which are classified as part of the spectrum of autistic disorders. With regard to the clinical picture and dynamism of symptoms, disintegrative disorders are distinguished from other comprehensive developmental disorders and require separate speech-therapy procedures. Using the case study of a 21-year-old patient, the diagnostic-therapeutic management of this disorder has been presented.
Key words: comprehensive developmental disorders, autistic spectrum, Heller’s syndrome, disintegrative psychosis, developmental dementia, frontotemporal dementia, akinetic mutism

Individuals with intellectual disabilities constitute a large part of the population in which significant disorders of linguistic communication are noted. In characterizing their communication capabilities, observable difficulties in forming long utterances are emphasised. This article discusses the possibility of using syntax saturation ratio, allowing for determination of the grammatical complexity degree of utterances, in descriptions of the linguistic skills of intellectually-disabled children.
Key words: syntax saturation ratio, word phrases, intellectual disability

Craniosynostosis is a congenial malformation caused by premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures, leading to abnormal shape of the skull. Non-syndromic craniosynostoses can result in developmental disorders, including speech acquisition delay. The authors have carried out neurologopaedic research on a group of 124 children aged 3 to 59 months of life. In these cases, causes of speech disorders are very complex. Additional research concerning speech and language development in school age children with craniosynostoses is essential.
Key Words: craniosynostosis, cranial sutures, speech disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders

The need for rapid responding to stimuli, inscribed in the phylogenetic development, is associated with the germination of different systems of information processing. The condition of the maturity of central‑peripheral structures as well as it defines the level of processes of coordination developmental and processes of cultural learning. The individual (ontogenic) development of the human nervous system takes place stage by stage and this process is spread over a given time. The results provide evidence of the many‑changes in the connections of the brain as the cause of development processing disorder. This paper focuses on the concept of cortico‑subcortical loops and cerebellum of the majority of motor, emotional and cognitive functions.
Key words: developmental coordination disorder, sensory processing, neurodevelopmental disorders, cortico‑subcortical loops, motor functions

The article shows the results of a preliminary analysis of journalistic utterance fluency in Polish television. It takes into account the specific character of media discourse and its possible impact on a journalist’s way of speaking. The results enable a description of the quantitative and qualitative differences in the fluency of live broadcast utterances.
Key words: utterance fluency, tempo of utterance, pause, media discourse

This article is a proposal to increase cooperation between speech therapists and engineers in the field of speech disfluencies assessment. It provides practical guidance on how to reach an agreement between representatives of the two groups. It discusses speech therapists’ and engineers’ skills that can be useful in achieving the goal of their cooperation, which is an immediate and objective assessment of speech disfluencies.
Key words: speech therapists, engineers, cooperation, speech disfluency

The article discusses speech defects and reading and writing difficulties in persons with moderate intellectual disability. The analysis of the problems is based on studies conducted by one of the authors in a seven-person group of intellectually disabled adults. The subjects were presented with three tasks. The first task evaluated the motor skills of speech organs. The objective of the second task was to assess articulation skills. For this purpose, a questionnaire to test pronunciation was used. It consisted of a hundred pictures. The names of the objects shown in the pictures enabled the investigation of articulation of all sounds in each of the possible positions in a word. The last part of the investigation (task three) was a multifaceted assessment of reading and writing difficulties. The collected empirical data also enabled the attempt to answer the question whether among the problems of mentally handicapped persons there is a relationship between articulation difficulties and mistakes appearing in reading and writing.
Key words: speech defects, reading and writing difficulties, moderate intellectual disability

This work is dedicated to the assessment of the quality of acoustic signals reception and communications capabilities in a person with a profound bilateral cochlear hearing impairment, who changed the type of prosthesis in response to the deep deafness and the desire to improve the quality of sound perception. Rating was used to compare the user auditory satisfaction with both types of devices – hearing and cochlear implant.
Key words: hearing aid, cochlear implant, the results aids, hearing care profession

This case study describes an example of a rare disorder which applies to alternating facial nerve palsy in Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome. The first description of this case was published in 1928, when Ernst G. Melkersson observed a disease which was characterised by recurring lips edema and facial nerve palsy. Then, in 1931 Curt Rosenthal added fissured tongue to the fundamental features of the syndrome. Unsatisfactory treatment results have prompted a search for interdisciplinary rehabilitation which could improve the functioning of the patient, aesthetics of the appearance, and effectiveness of the treatment. As it turns out, the PNF method, proprioreceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching, along with neurologopedic therapy bring the most beneficial improvement for the patients.
Key words: edema, paralysis, facial nerve, fissured tongue, Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, neurologopedic therapy, PNF metho

Despite the great diversity of symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS), in most cases, the course is quite typical. This study reports on the case of a patient with acute clinical course of multiple
sclerosis, combined with the impairment of depression, drawing attention to the ways of dealing with the situation and providing an example of an individual approach to each patient. Appropriate
rehabilitation, intensive and correctly carried out, combined with medical treatment can bring a significant improvement in the patient’s health.
Key words: multiple sclerosis, clinical signs, acute clinical course

The Alien Hand Syndrome (AHS) is a relatively rare neurological disorder. Right side brain damages, especially right hemisphere stroke, can be a cause of AHS. Main symptoms include a feeling of alien hand, involuntary movements and personification of the limb. This syndrome usually coincides with unilateral neglect syndrome. While the body sense is impaired, the patient loses the ability to communicate and the holistic perception of the external environment. This event caused the AHS. Undoubtedly, individual therapy, consisting of physiotherapy, neuropsychologist therapy and speech therapy combined with stimulation of neuroplasticity, can improve the quality of patient’s life. This paper presents a case report of a 77-year-old patient who was hospitalized because of ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic transformation.
Key words: alien hand syndrome, right hemisphere ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic transformation, AHS therapy, unilateral neglect syndrome

Nowadays the importance of wellbeing and preventing diseases is widely recognized. People living fast paced lives are bombarded with visual stimuli, such as TV, Internet, social media, image advertisements or even emoticons on mobile phones. This is not without effect on traditional verbal communication. People spend less and less time talking to their children, which is crucial in developing communication skills; instead, they tend to spend more time watching TV or browsing the Internet. This is detrimental to the children, especially in the phrase of their language development; neglecting it can potentially create some serious problems. This article presents a case study of a boy diagnosed with the delayed speech development and potential risk of dyslexia disorder. The first part shows the standards of speech development and some disorders. The second part concerns the process of diagnosing the boy, and the third part indicates a direction for his therapy.
Key words: speech development, dyslexia, delayed speech development, speech disorder therapy

The article contains a description of the case study of a child with the Sensory Processing Disorders. The case study method is analytical. In the etiology of the Sensory Processing Disorders,
the most frequently spoken of developmental of coordination and the condition of the maturity of central-peripheral structures. As therapeutic observations confirm, it is therefore interesting to
examine auditory attention (selection and intensification of sound stimuli processing) and assessment of the ability of coordination.
Key words: sensory processing disorders, the developmental processing disorder, central auditory processing disorders

The article gives an account of the course of a long-term speech therapy of a child with a suspected diagnosis of the Landau-Kleffner syndrome. The author provides the specifics of this boy’s speech and methods of work on improving its operation and communication. She proves that neither severe dysfunction nor late time of starting such an effective therapy precludes possible progress. She also notes that constant and systematic continuation of work on the development of child’s speech by parents at home largely contributes to the therapeutic success.
Key words: Landau-Kleffner syndrome, speech therapy, epilepsy, motor aphasia

The purpose of the study is to present some exercises which can be successfully implemented during the neurologopedic therapy of adults after neurological incidents. The therapy takes into account such factors as the age and involvement of the patients, which influence its effectiveness.
Key words: neurologopedic therapy, adult, aphasia, dysarthria