The paper analyses the territorial aspects of Slovenian municipalities and the problem of their optimal size. The central question of it, namely, what the ideal or optimal size of municipalities should be in terms of population and surface area, so that they can effectively perform their tasks and at the same time ensure adequate participation of citizens, is a difficult one in political science and has no clear answer. As many other European countries, Slovenia has been facing difficulties since the dawn of its independence (1991) in finding the ideal or optimal size of municipalities and the corresponding scope of their competences. Political arguments often prevail over expert ones, which confirms the seriousness of a social problem that goes beyond local self-government and affects the whole country. The search for the ideal size of municipalities – whether by partitioning or merging them – has been a hotly debated issue, dividing both politicians and
the professional community, yet according to the results of the analysis carried out, Slovenia may not be as far from the ideal size of municipalities as these debates sometimes make it seem.

The aim of the presented research is to indicate the conditions for the implementation of financial policy by the commune. The text analyzes two basic areas related to the functioning of the commune level of local government. At the beginning, the essential features of commune are discussed, while its place in the organization of public life in Poland is clearly indicated. The commune is characterized as an entity of power and administration, with special focus on the nature of local government and the concept of a commune in the Polish legal system. The rest of the research concentrates on the functioning of the commune and the implementation of its tasks, with particular emphasis on the method of their implementation. The issue of rational action is discussed along with the issue of the effectiveness of implementing the commune’s own tasks. Against this background, the financial conditions for performing tasks by the commune in terms of implementing an autonomous financial policy are also characterized. The analysis includes, among others: the possibility of collecting financial resources by the commune, the autonomy of financial management and the principles of handling it.

The article presents some of the results of research conducted by the authors on the political bias of the Polish media in the period preceding the parliamentary election in 2023. The article presents the results of a content analysis of the three most popular Polish television newscasts: “Wiadomości” (TVP), “Wydarzenia” (Polsat) and “Fakty” (TVN), broadcast in the month preceding the day of the parliamentary elections. The collected data was used to calculate a measure in the form of the Media Political Bias Index which allows comparing the scale of bias of different media at the same time and the same medium in different periods. The presented results make it possible to assess which newscast was the most and least biased and to compare the strength of bias with the results obtained in the period preceding the previous parliamentary elections.

When analyzing the changes that the modern world is constantly undergoing, business should not be omitted. It is an important link in the information ecosystem, co-creating the discourse in which we all function. Communication, in turn, is a strategic area in every company, determining its image and influencing profitability. How business understands communication deter‑ mines specific actions, the consequences of which are widely felt. In the study of the largest companies in Poland, areas such as social media, artificial intelligence, ecology and advertising were checked in terms of communication. This allows you to see the approach to information management, priorities in this area and the implementation of solutions that can build resistance to disinformation or support the language of equality. The tools used by companies can provide inspiration and good practices in other areas of social life, improving the quality of communication.

Increased use of large language models (LLMs) that are part of artificial intelligence has been found in the practice of law application. ChatGPT 3.5 software can be a useful support for attorneys acting as an attorney, as it has a wide range of applications, first of all, it can create ready-made
letters after entering a formula on the command line. The present study includes a qualitative analysis of the use of ChatGPT 3.5 software on the example of two process-relevant documents: a motion for appointment of an attorney ex officio and a settlement agreement reached in the course of litigation. The author set two research hypotheses: (1) the obligation to act diligently for the benefit of the principal is not a negative premise for the use of LLM in procedural communications, (2) at the current stage of development, LLMs do not allow the creation
of content in procedural communications that would be completely consistent with the given legal state and would not require verification.