https://doi.org/10.31261/ZOOPHILOLOGICA.2025.S.06
In 1847, the world’s first Vegetarian Society was established in England. Its founding principles declared that members were not allowed to consume meat, poultry or fish. While the eating of non-flesh animal-based products was left to the choice of individual Society members, the principle of not eating the “Three Fs” (flesh, fowl, fish) was mandatory – a necessary condition to be considered a “vegetarian.” So those who wanted to be vegetarians had to also give up fish. This restriction provoked much debate and
controversy, and the level of opposition went beyond that of red and white meat. This was due to the special status of fish in religion and the wider culture. Why should a Christian not eat fish as Christ did? Vegetarians, in turn, defended their position by invoking theological, ethical, aesthetic and health and hygiene-based arguments. This article presents all these arguments and discusses the detailed reasons that nineteenth-century vegetarians formulated to justify their refusal to eat these beautiful and sensitive creatures.
Download files
Citation rules
Cited by / Share
Licence
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The Copyright Owners of the submitted texts grant the Reader the right to use the pdf documents under the provisions of the Creative Commons 4.0 International License: Attribution-Share-Alike (CC BY-SA). The user can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose.
1. License
The University of Silesia Press provides immediate open access to journal’s content under the Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Authors who publish with this journal retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned CC BY-SA 4.0 license.
2. Author’s Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s.
If the article contains illustrative material (drawings, photos, graphs, maps), the author declares that the said works are of his authorship, they do not infringe the rights of the third party (including personal rights, i.a. the authorization to reproduce physical likeness) and the author holds exclusive proprietary copyrights. The author publishes the above works as part of the article under the licence "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International".
ATTENTION! When the legal situation of the illustrative material has not been determined and the necessary consent has not been granted by the proprietary copyrights holders, the submitted material will not be accepted for editorial process. At the same time the author takes full responsibility for providing false data (this also regards covering the costs incurred by the University of Silesia Press and financial claims of the third party).
3. User Rights
Under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license, the users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) the article for any purpose, provided they attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor.
4. Co-Authorship
If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
I hereby declare that in the event of withdrawal of the text from the publishing process or submitting it to another publisher without agreement from the editorial office, I agree to cover all costs incurred by the University of Silesia in connection with my application.
2025
Published: 2025-12-19
10.31261/ZOOPHILOLOGICA
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
English
Русский
Język Polski