Przestępstwo zabójstwa jest przestępstwem szczególnym, bowiem godzi ono w najcenniejsze dobro prawnie chronione - ludzkie życie. Począwszy od czasów starożytnych można doszukiwać się prób zagwarantowania środków prawnokarnej ochrony tego dobra. Koncepcje postrzegania przestępstwa polegającego na bezprawnym pozbawieniu życia drugiej osoby zmieniały się w zależności od epoki historycznej oraz co za tym idzie, zmian społeczno-ustrojowych. Artykuł niniejszy zmierza do syntetycznego przedstawienia fenomenu jakim jest przestępstwo zabójstwa w jego ujęciu historycznym, począwszy od koncepcji starożytnych, aż do uregulowań prawnych drugiej połowy XX wieku.

This article explores the criminalistic and procedural lessons of a complex Hungarian criminal case, where a young man was accused of attempted murder based on a largely unilateral investigation. Despite a year of pretrial detention and serious charges, the court ultimately acquitted the defendant due to a lack of evidence and inconsistencies in the victim’s testimony. The case serves as a cautionary example of how investigative errors, unreliable witness accounts, and premature conclusions can lead to a miscarriage of justice. Emphasizing the role of forensic science, objective evidence evaluation, and the need for critical judicial oversight, the authors argue for a deeper, multidisciplinary approach to criminal proceedings. The decision reflects the importance of the in dubio pro reo principle and reinforces that safeguarding defendants’ rights is essential to prevent wrongful convictions in modern legal systems.

The aim of the article is to analyze the influence of pathologies occurring in the family on the criminogenic behavior of young people. The starting point is the assumption that the family environment plays a crucial role in shaping children’s attitudes. The study used a diagnostic survey method – an online survey was conducted among students of the 7th and 8th grades of primary schools. The results indicate that domestic violence, addictions (alcohol, drugs) and parental unemployment have a significant relationship with the manifestations of demoralization among young people. Students from dysfunctional families are more likely to exhibit aggressive behavior, break social norms, and have behavioral problems. The conclusions of the study confirm previous literature findings. It is necessary to involve schools, especially teachers, in preventive activities and support for children from families that are at risk of pathology.

The article provides an examination of the rationale for adopting criminal responsibility for artificial intelligence systems. It identifies the basic concepts associated with artificial intelligence and goes on to explore its relationship to morality and ethics. The different approaches to adopting a framework of criminal responsibility for artificial intelligence are discussed in this article, and this is achieved by means of an analysis of the theoretical foundations of criminal responsibility in the continental and common law systems. The article examines the application of familiar criminal science concepts, such as guilt, consciousness and the act, to artificial intelligence systems, and it answers the question of mitigating the liability gap by presenting alternative approaches to the problem for researchers within the Continental and Anglo-Saxon systems. In the concluding section, the article comments on the interpenetration of civil law (and its institutions) with criminal law.

This article explores the issue of inspections conducted in criminal procedure proceedings, the subject of which is a fragment that was previously inspected. The considerations carried out include, among other things, the justification of the theoretical separation of such procedural action. The text also makes a detailed analysis of the linguistic layer of terms related to the type of inspection that the Author describes in the article, suggesting standardising the nomenclature and using the legal term “reinspection of the area.” The analysis also addressed the legal basis, reasons and functions that may be fulfilled by the procedural actions described in the article. Special attention was paid to the advisability of searching for traces of crime at the place of committing a criminal offence, during reinspection.

Witness testimony is the primary means of evidence in many types of proceedings, but before the Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry, it plays an exceptionally important role. As the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure apply accordingly to the proceedings before the committees, it is important to consider whether the principles of a criminal trial should also be followed. The article will discuss such a possibility, based on the interpretation of the concept of “appropriate use”. In the context of the right to defence and the principle of directness, the right of a witness to request free speech will be analysed. The issue of the principle of objectivity will be considered – whether the commission’s questions and actions can realise this principle’s assumptions at all.
The summary will include demands for the committees to properly apply the law. This is because, despite their political nature, it is to be expected that the regulations applied will retain their essence.

Artykuł prezentuje badanie praktyki stosowania urzędowych wzorów uzasadnień orzeczeń w postępowaniach dyscyplinarnych wybranych korporacji zawodowych. Dane badawcze uzyskano poprzez zwrócenie się o udostępnienie informacji publicznej do 84 sądów dyscyplinarnych. Wyniki badania wykazały, że zdecydowana większość z nich nie stosuje normy z art. 99a k.p.k. Dalsza analiza prowadzi autora do wniosków szerszych, dotyczących instytucji odpowiedniego stosowania prawa. Pozwala ona dokonywać systemowej a nie incydentalnej, kontroli zgodności praktycznych skutków aplikacji rozwiązań ustawowych z celami ich wprowadzenia, a następnie kontroli zgodności tychże celów ze specyfiką postępowania dyscyplinarnego. Daje to sądownictwu dyscyplinarnemu dodatkowy, nieznany powszechnemu, wymiar niezawisłości.