The article provides a comprehensive overview of proposed amendments to the Animal Protection Act aimed at the long-term improvement of animal welfare in Poland. It sets out a number of postulates addressed to the legislator, intended to ensure that animals are afforded protection from pain and suffering resulting from various forms of abuse. Among the most significant proposals is the concept of granting animals a distinct legal status. The analysis concludes with a reflection on the necessity of ensuring the effective implementation of the proposed amendments, while emphasizing that such changes should not be introduced in a hasty manner. In the course of the legislative process concerning the revised Animal Protection Act, particular importance should be attached to the precise wording of the provisions and their potential interpretation, as these factors directly affect their subsequent application by the courts, which in practice often proves detrimental to animals.

This article constitutes a critical polemic against Kamil Łakomy’s proposal to apply the computatio naturalis method in determining the age of a perpetrator of a criminal offense. The author argues that rejecting the rules set out in Articles 110 and 112 of the Civil Code in favor of reasoning by analogia iuris is methodologically unjustified and undermines the coherence of the legal system. The author further contends that the application of the computatio civilis method of age calculation would not amount to the use of analogy in criminal law. On the contrary, according to the author of the polemic, such an approach would be consistent with the legislator’s intent and therefore could not be regarded as an inadmissible analogy operating to the detriment of the offender. The author also rejects the claim that “the application of Article 112, second sentence, of the Civil Code in the field of substantive criminal law will, as a rule, lead to an extension of the limits of criminal liability.” In the author’s view, such application would merely result in establishing the actual limits of criminal liability through a proper interpretation of the legal text.

The aim of this article is to provide a dogmatic analysis of the crime of diplomatic betrayal as it is defined in Article 129 of the Criminal Code. The author attempts to highlight numerous interpretative difficulties associated with the vague characteristics of this type of prohibited act, such as acting to the detriment of the Republic of Poland, authorization to act on its behalf, or a foreign organization. He gives examples of quasi-states such as Transnistria, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia, in relations with which, under the current interpretation of Article 129 of the Criminal Code, it may become “dead letter.” The study also points out that greater emphasis should be placed on the possibility of damage to the image of the Polish state as a result of diplomatic treason, which, it seems, may have much more negative consequences for the Republic of Poland than other types of damage.

 This article analyzes the scope of criminal law protection for helpless individuals in order to describe the characteristics of the term 'helpless person’. The subject of the considerations primarily focused on the area of legal protection the level of the rights of helplessness individuals under Polish law. For this purpose, the most important provisions of substantive law ensuring the protection of helplessness individuals have been presented in various parts of this work. The following text discusses in detail the sources of vulnerability, such as age, physical and mental condition, as well as factual situations in which one can speak of vulnerability. The further part focuses on presenting the scope of criminal law protection for helplessness individuals through a dogmatic-legal analysis of selected types of crimes included in the currently applicable Penal Code. Particular attention has been paid to the crimes contained in Chapter XXVI of the Penal Code. The study also examined the justification and need, or lack thereof, for introducing a legal definition of the term "helplessness person" and the consequences resulting from the absence of such a definition de lege lata, as well as the effects that could arise from defining the discussed term.

The article analyzes the organization of food services in closed-type prisons and pre-trial detention centers in Poland, considering both the national legal framework and the practical challenges of its implementation. The analysis is based on the provisions of the Executive Penal Code, the relevant Regulation of the Minister of Justice, and the currently applicable ordinances of the Director General of the Prison Service. The study is enriched by empirical research in the form of individual in-depth interviews with inmates. The author identifies problems such as budget constraints, the monotony of meals, and regional differences in menu planning. The study proposes reforms that could support rehabilitation and improve the conditions of serving a sentence.