The aim of this article is to provide a dogmatic analysis of the crime of diplomatic betrayal as it is defined in Article 129 of the Criminal Code. The author attempts to highlight numerous interpretative difficulties associated with the vague characteristics of this type of prohibited act, such as acting to the detriment of the Republic of Poland, authorization to act on its behalf, or a foreign organization. He gives examples of quasi-states such as Transnistria, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia, in relations with which, under the current interpretation of Article 129 of the Criminal Code, it may become “dead letter.” The study also points out that greater emphasis should be placed on the possibility of damage to the image of the Polish state as a result of diplomatic treason, which, it seems, may have much more negative consequences for the Republic of Poland than other types of damage.

The article analyzes the organization of food services in closed-type prisons and pre-trial detention centers in Poland, considering both the national legal framework and the practical challenges of its implementation. The analysis is based on the provisions of the Executive Penal Code, the relevant Regulation of the Minister of Justice, and the currently applicable ordinances of the Director General of the Prison Service. The study is enriched by empirical research in the form of individual in-depth interviews with inmates. The author identifies problems such as budget constraints, the monotony of meals, and regional differences in menu planning. The study proposes reforms that could support rehabilitation and improve the conditions of serving a sentence.

 This article analyzes the scope of criminal law protection for helpless individuals in order to describe the characteristics of the term 'helpless person’. The subject of the considerations primarily focused on the area of legal protection the level of the rights of helplessness individuals under Polish law. For this purpose, the most important provisions of substantive law ensuring the protection of helplessness individuals have been presented in various parts of this work. The following text discusses in detail the sources of vulnerability, such as age, physical and mental condition, as well as factual situations in which one can speak of vulnerability. The further part focuses on presenting the scope of criminal law protection for helplessness individuals through a dogmatic-legal analysis of selected types of crimes included in the currently applicable Penal Code. Particular attention has been paid to the crimes contained in Chapter XXVI of the Penal Code. The study also examined the justification and need, or lack thereof, for introducing a legal definition of the term "helplessness person" and the consequences resulting from the absence of such a definition de lege lata, as well as the effects that could arise from defining the discussed term.