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Rosyjski w kontakcie —
65 lat Languages in Contact Uriela Weinreicha

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Problems of Specifics of the Internal Language Contacts: the Russian Language as a Source of Latvian Slang Words.

 The article deals the specifics of the Latvian-Russian language contact of which slang words  and barbarisms are result. In the article  motivations of borrowing of these lexical elements from Russian in Latvian are also considered. Uriel Weinreich presented the classification of "motivations of lexical borrowings" in his book "Language contacts". Some postulates of the U. Weinreich research can be applied to the study of Russian-Latvian language contacts connected with distribution of slang words. A large number of the Russianisms entered in colloquial Latvian as a result of oral communication — barbarisms: burlaks ‘plunderer, robber, brigand’ ← Russian бурлáк, mužiks ‘rough man; farmer; man’ ← Russian мужи́к, stroika ‘building under construction; newly erected building’ ← Russian стро́йка, karoče ‘in brief’ ← Russian коро́че and others. Slavisms in the colloquial speech (slang) have been borrowed because of internal language contacts connected with a language situation of bilingualism. Russian language developed in a collective bilingualism that assumes the existence of internal language contact. It is possible to select different groups of Russianisms-barbarisms from the point of view of their motivation. In the article these groups are described. Various degrees of adaptation of slang words in Latvian shows that lexical interference and borrowing are parts of one dynamic process.

Studying of an interference of the Russian and Latvian languages in the light of methodology of U.Weinreich

In article on the basis of Weinreich’s methodology are generalized and are systematized the phenomena of the Latvian-Russian and the Russian-Latvian phonetic interference, interference zones are predicted. At the heart of methodology – typology of a phonetic interference, offered by U.Weinreich. The typology includes four types of an interferntion: insufficient differentiation  of phonemes, superdifferentiation of phonemes, reinterpretation of distinctions, substitution of sounds.  The typology can be applied as the effective tool to linguistic studying of an interference of any two the contacting languages.

В статье рассматриваются нарративы о латгальском языке русскоязычных жителей Латгалии. Анализируется восприятие фонетического и лексического уровней языка, приводятся характерные примеры и высказывания на латгальском. В качестве примера латгальского языка информанты приводят предложения с переключением кода, гибридные фразы. Русскоязычные жители Латгалии воспринимают латгальский язык как "смешанный" язык.

Much ink has been spilled on the sources and history of various names for various species of cockroach. The present author discusses some of them and his main aim is to clear up at least some aspects of what has hitherto been suggested in studies concerning Russian tarakan.

The article is an approch to characterize the situation of Finno-Ugric langauges in Russia in 21st century on the basis of statistical, legal and sociolinguistic sources. Globalisation  prevails in a more or less closed, originally multi-lingual and multi-cultural society mainly due to political or ideological reasons. This situation can be observed in case of Finno-Ugric peoples in Russia. Because of political conditions one-sided bilingualism is the entrance hall to a new (Russian) monolingualism.

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie najważniejszych zjawisk, które charakteryzują kontakty językowe między językiem rosyjskim a językami eskimosko-aleuckimi. Opis dotyczy śladów rosyjskich wpływów na słownictwo, fonologię oraz morfosyntaktykę tamtych języków. Najwyraźniejsze oddziaływanie można zaobserwować na Wyspie Miedzianej, gdzie w wyniku silnego wpływu rosyjskiego powstał tzw. „język mieszany”. Również omawiane będą, choć jedynie skrótowo, warianty języka rosyjskiego używane na Alasce (w przypadku tychże silny wpływ angielskiego).

The three colloquial words for ‘head’ adduced in the title of this paper are of Turkic origin, cf. Tkc. baš ’head’. However, this author contests Max Vasmer’s opinion that the Russian word was borrowed from the Turkic dative form (baš.ka) with the meaning ‘per unit, each; pro Stück’. Moreover, it is suggested that the Ukrainian reflex continues, as a matter of fact, two words.

This study revisits Russian loanwords in the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (henceforth, OED3) in order to discuss their lexicographic treatment, including the quality of etymological references. Arguments behind the choice of this dictionary are clear-cut: not only is OED3 the most exhaustive dictionary of English, but it also offers the fullest etymological analysis of the whole of the lexis of English available anywhere. Space restrictions preclude the inclusion in the dictionary every word of Russian origin in English texts. In the past, lexical items had to occur in at least five different sources to ensure inclusion, whereas the frequency necessary to include a word into OED3 today is reckoned in hundreds or even thousands.

The purpose of the article is to give an outline of the main features of the Russian heritage language used by the second generation of immigrants in Germany with regard to particular teaching needs. I will present those phenomena as attrition, incomplete acquisition, matter and pattern borrowing, the role of parents’ input etc. and develop several requirements meant for curricula for teaching in universities and for the conception of lessons particularly devoted to
heritage speakers.

The article is the first attempt at characterizing journalistic Old Believers texts from the 19th century from the linguistic perspective. The research focused on the works of Konstantin Golubov published in the years 1864-66 in the journal Istina. The academic problem consists here in the fact that the Russian language of modern Old Believers texts is not generally extensively analyzed. Additionally, because of the specificity of these texts, this language cannot be analyzed in line with modern stylistic criteria. At first glance, it seems obvious that they were written in an informal variety of Russian. What is more, it is necessary to refer to Old Church Slavonic elements which determine the specificity of these texts, as well as analyzing borrowings from the literary Russian language.

The article presents a comparison of two post-Soviet mixed languages basing on Russian and other East Slavonic languages: Ukariniana (Surzhik) and Belarussian (Trasyanka). The author considers the role of Russian influence in the process of forming new hybrid language forms.

Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia sytuację językową rosyjskojęzycznych Ukraińców po migracji do Polski. Mimo posługiwania się językiem rosyjskim jako pierwszym językiem respondenci w żaden sposób nie są przywiązani do Rosji, a swój pierwszy język traktują wyłącznie jako narzędzie komunikacji. Po przyjeździe do Polski język ukraiński traci wartość komunikacyjną, którą zyskuje język polski.

Статья посвящена системе числительных в польском переселенческом говоре, бытующем в двух населенных пунктах в Западной Сибири: с. Знаменка (Боградский р-н Республика Хакасия) и д. Александровка (Краснотуранский р-н Красноярского края). Данный переселенческий говор восходит к мазурской группе говоров мазовецкого диалекта. По сравнению с мазурскими говорами на исходной территории обследованный говор демонстрирует ряд инноваций таких, как распространение русской синтаксической модели сложных порядковых числительных, развитие счетной формы существительного, выражение категории персональности при независимом употреблении числительных. Числительные со значением '40' и '90', не имевшие когнатов в русском языке, были замещены заимствованиями. Эти явления вписываются в общую тенденцию к языковой аттриции в сообществе "сибирских мазуров".

PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON STRESS PATTERNS IN THE POLISH DIALECT USED BY THE INHABITANTS OF VERSHINA, A VILLAGE IN SIBERIA

Summary

The aim of the article is to present and analyse the stress patterns of borrowings present in the Polish dialect used by the inhabitants of Vershina, which is a village situated about 140 kilometres north of Irkutsk. The village is inhabited by the descendants of voluntary settlers from Poland. They form a bilingual community and use both Russian and Polish depending on the communicative context. The lexical scope of the dialect is influenced by borrowings from Russian, especially as regards every-day expressions. Borrowed lexemes are assimilated in terms of word stress, phonetic and morphological aspects, and word formation.

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