Introduction

The article addresses the issue of marital violence, focusing on the psychological determinants that influence women to remain in abusive relationships. The author discusses various forms of abuse—physical, psychological, and sexual—and their impact on victims, especially in relation to the battered woman syndrome and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The paper explores psychological mechanisms such as learned helplessness, traumatic bonding, and the “trap effect,” which help explain why women often do not leave their abusers despite suffering. Social and economic factors that deepen women’s dependence on violent partners are also considered. The article attempts to understand the complex dynamics of domestic violence and highlights the need for psychological and institutional support for victims.

The aim of the study presented in the article was to compare the level and forms of aggression among juvenile offenders (both girls and boys) and their non-delinquent peers. The research was conducted using the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (SABD) among 48 juveniles placed in correctional institutions and 48 middle school students. The analysis revealed a significantly higher level of aggression among juvenile offenders compared to the control group, including physical and verbal aggression as well as hostile attitudes such as suspicion, resentment, and negativism. Girls who committed criminal acts were more likely to exhibit emotionally driven and hostile forms of aggression, while boys showed a predominance of physical and verbal aggression. The findings indicate differentiated profiles of aggressive behavior depending on gender and confirm the influence of social and cultural factors on the manifestation of aggression during adolescence.

The article addresses the psychological determinants of how women cope with long-term unemployment. The study aimed to examine the relationship between selected personality traits (pragmatism, locus of control, intellectual aptitude, and need for social approval) and individual strategies of responding to unemployment. The research included 37 women registered as unemployed for over 12 months. The applied tools included the Rican Intellectual Potential Test, the Delta Questionnaire, and Snyder’s Self-Monitoring Scale (Polish adaptation by Wojciszke). The findings allowed for the identification of two groups: women with high internal locus of control, strong intellectual abilities, and low need for social approval, who actively pursued realistic job-seeking strategies; and women who were passive, externally controlled, idealizing their self-image, and presenting unrealistic or vague employment plans. The conclusions suggest that coping strategies in unemployment can be predicted based on a person’s psychological profile and emphasize the need for individualized approaches in vocational activation programs for women.

The article addresses the issue of the situation of people with disabilities in the Polish labor market, with particular emphasis on differences between unemployed women and men. Based on data from the Central Statistical Office (GUS) and the District Labor Office in Bytom—a city with one of the highest unemployment rates in Poland—the author analyzes the structure of unemployed persons with disabilities in terms of gender, age, education, duration of unemployment, and unemployment flow. The findings indicate that women, despite having higher educational attainment than men, are more likely to experience long-term unemployment, have fewer job opportunities, and earn lower wages. The article highlights the need for comprehensive measures to support the vocational activation of people with disabilities, including flexible forms of employment, skills development, and career counseling. The author argues that effective labor market integration of people with disabilities requires overcoming social, institutional, and cultural barriers.

The article presents the results of a study on the effectiveness of retraining courses conducted under the European Union's PHARE support programs: Initiative I (PL 9811) and Initiative II, with particular emphasis on gender differences. The trainings aimed to support the restructuring of the coal mining sector and promote occupational activation of its former employees. The study covered 1,563 individuals (38% of all participants), using both in-person and telephone interviews. Findings indicate that the programs were more effective for men, younger participants, those with higher education, and those who enrolled shortly after leaving their mining jobs. Despite their positive assessment of the trainings, women had significantly lower chances of employment. The article highlights the impact of demographic factors (age, gender, education) on the effectiveness of activation measures and underlines the need to tailor such programs to the diverse needs of beneficiaries.

The article examines the stereotypical image of a female politician in Polish society. The study aimed to determine the content and structure of the stereotype of a woman holding a political role and to identify gender-based differences in perceptions. In a two-stage study (N = 323), the authors employed free association and a 75-item adjective rating scale. The results reveal a complex stereotype consisting of five subtypes: the female politician as mentally strong, active, moral, attractive, and—depending on the respondent’s gender—either mature in age or without a family. This image diverges from common negative stereotypes of politicians, suggesting an idealized, socially desirable perception of women in politics.

The aim of the study was to investigate whether the gender and social status of an author influence readers' evaluation of a written text. The authors employed an experimental manipulation involving four signature variants for an essay on tolerance: female, female MP, male, and male MP. Respondents rated the essay on professionalism, emotional involvement of the author, and the alignment of the author's views with their own. A total of 70 university students participated. Results showed that texts attributed to members of parliament—regardless of gender—were rated significantly lower in terms of professionalism and agreement of views than those signed by non-politicians. Gender had no statistically significant effect on text evaluation. The findings suggest that the stereotype of politicians as untrustworthy and unprofessional may override gender-based stereotypes when assessing written content.

The article presents the results of a comparative study on Internet usage patterns among girls and boys. The author explores the issue of the gender digital divide, focusing on preferences regarding online services, self-efficacy, and the types of online activities undertaken. The study was conducted among 91 high school students using a questionnaire and the Internet Self-Efficacy Measure (ISEM). The findings reveal that girls use fewer online services and tend to engage in communication-focused and less technically demanding activities, while boys more frequently opt for technically advanced activities. Significant differences in Internet self-efficacy levels were observed – lower among girls – as well as varying correlations between self-efficacy and Internet experience. The author emphasizes the need for integrated educational and social measures to reduce gender-based disparities in digital competencies.

The article explores the relationship between time perception and the tendency to excessively use the Internet, taking into account gender differences. A study involving 87 regular Internet users was conducted using the Time Perception Questionnaire. Key variables included time control, organization, planning, temporal orientation, and self-assessed addiction. The findings reveal that men perceive their time management and organization in the online environment as more effective than women. Individuals in relationships, especially married men, reported higher conformity with social expectations regarding time planning. Users categorized as Internet-addicted rarely identify themselves as such and tend to focus on the present while neglecting reflections on the past or future. The study highlights the relevance of temporal attitudes and gender differences in the prevention and treatment of behavioral addictions.

The study aimed to compare coping strategies, self-esteem, and locus of control among Polish and French female students. A total of 117 participants from Katowice and Metz were surveyed using the Brief COPE inventory, the Coopermith Self-Esteem Inventory, and Levenson’s IPC Scale. Results showed that Polish students relied more on religion, while French students used humor and denial more frequently. Polish students also exhibited higher internal locus of control. High self-esteem correlated with adaptive coping, while low self-esteem was linked to behavioral disorganization and substance use. The findings underline the role of cultural factors in shaping stress coping mechanisms.

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