Tradition of bullfight (corrida de toros) in Spanish society is subject to changes and modifications. More orthodox opponents in their views postulate, for example, switching to vegetarianism, as a direct implication would be justified by the need to move away from mass production of meat. Opponents accuse the farmers that “a good life” before death is what a bull deserves as a reward for his part in the fight. The most important issue is the size of the pasture, where most of the year the animals can move freely. If we reflect on the meaning of the existence of these species or races, we will realize that it is entirely correlated to human needs. It should be, however, considered whether people have a moral right to form species and breeds just to satisfy our cravings.

The article examines the narrative of the diary „My Siberian Year” written by one of the first women-anthropologists—Maria Czaplicka. There is a notable absence of discussion about her achievements, despite the fact that her book significantly exceeds the frames of the anthropological narrative of her times. In this paper the perspective refers to the experience of strangeness/otherness as a constitutive part of any fieldwork. This category may be analyzed within different dimensions, which concurrently shed light on the nature of the relationships between people, culture and environment.

The lack of respect for nature resulting from anthropocentric axiology and manifesting itself in the exploitation of natural resources is considered the root cause of the ecological crisis. In this context, on the basis of the author’s ethnographic studies conducted in the area of Słowiński National Park, the author addresses the question of defining what that protection is and how it should be carried out. The author presents the analysis of shaping the local space of identification of the residents of Smołdzino municipality. The strict protection plan has turned out to be destructive in terms of the local infrastructure, social relations, tourism, and it has also proved to be totally inadequate for the protection of virgin land.

The Pol’ana Biosphere Reserve is situated in Central Slovakia. In its southern part, in the scattered area, the town of Hriňová was built, and its districts became part of the biosphere reserve and the protected natural area. For the residents it means both benefits and disadvantages. This article analyzes the situation of 2016 when the Biosphere Reserve area was expanded under the UNESCO program.

According to the thesis of naturalism being denominated as objective, all actual regularities have the character of natural dependence. This also applies to people since they are part of nature. Elements of objective naturalism appeared as early as in antiquity, however, it was not until the Enlightenment that it became one of the basic assumptions of science. In German, Naturvolker is a former ethnological term that means peoples under the law of natural evolution and devoid of cultural development. In contrast with them there were civilized peoples, who were subject to historical evolution (Geschichtsvolker). All the 18th and 19th century ethnographers et al. considered Carpathian highlanders as primitive peoples living in the natural state. Such views are also held today both by representatives of social and humanistic sciences and beyond science (for example in advertising).

The article deals with ways of expressing identification of people with the residential environment and their attachment to the place. The research has shown that in the space there are present objects voluntarily produced by the inhabitants. Public spaces are “decorated” or “adapted” to the residents’ own tastes and needs, which may be a sign of their growing into or identifying with the landscape. The inventoried items have been denominated as objects and places of special identification of people with the landscape. The impact of the elements on the environment is so enormous, despite their different character and often small size, that they constitute details enriching the landscape reception and thus should be taken into account during landscape research.

The article focuses on art understood as a tool for building relationships between man and nature, and the resulting participation of man in nature. The character of this tool, that is art, is dependent on the development of philosophical thoughts and the level of civilization, and has changed together with the development of culture. Recently, under the influence of the progressive degradation of the natural environment, artistic activities are ecologically oriented. However, it is an observable fact that the “taming” of nature through art makes one function more easily in the existing reality.

The idea of acoustic ecology emerged in the sixties of the twentieth century with the work of Raymond Murray Schafer and his school of soundscape studies. The starting point was the concern for the sound environment resulting from the sense of threat from progressive civilization changes and the increase of noise. In his project work, Schafer gave emphasis to education as well as to the development of ecological acoustic design. What was another important element of the program was the research activity aimed at, among others, documenting and analysing contemporary landscapes. The ecological importance of this research arises from increasing social awareness about the cultural value of the sound environment.

Caring for the environment is no longer limited only to waste segregation. Ecology has become a fashion statement, wich concerns many areas of life. Fashion and utility designers, as well as consumers use more and more materials, which have been considered garbage, not only giving them the proverbial “second life”, but also multiplying their original value. The purpose of this article is to describe the range of possibilities, which use recycled products in fashion and design gives, to the reader. I will also try to explain the most important terms as upcycling or downcycling. I will present the position of a number of Polish researchers towards contemporary eco-fashion.

Straw is a particular raw material that has been widely used in the past and in the past. The text enumerates its practical qualities and reported importance in former rituals, beliefs, healing or divination. Then the text deals with the symbolism of the straw, which is becoming more and more difficult to interpret.

 In the context of globalization, ecology has become an important issue, not only in science and everyday life but also in education. IBSE, recommended by the European Union, is one of the current trends in children’s education. The education system in Poland assumes that students themselves should be able to ask questions and seek answers, while the teacher is to direct their educational development on the basis of the program. It is not only school that should educate and teach—everywhere children should encounter good pedagogical practices that shape their appropriate social attitudes, develop interests, and teach to think independently.

The following article focuses on ecological aspects of Special Pedagogics Gestalt. This is a very important theme concerning working with children with mental disability and ASD. In this article, ecology of sound, ecology of the area, ecology of nutrition are of great importance.

  The Project “Sheep” resulted from the special educator and ethnologist cooperation, as addressing the need for using an experience and place by representatives of different scientific areas, the purpose of which was to combine professional competence in innovative teaching. The main goal was to raise funds to buy a sheep, then entrust it to the experienced shepherd from Koniaków who wanders along the Carpathians and reconstruct the old way of grazing. At the same time, the participation in this project has been used as an excellent opportunity to talk about building the local identity and cultural heritage values of the region and disabled people. This project also concerned people who are often barely visible in the human herd—people with disabilities.

This paper charts the past and the present lifestyle of cattle herders with regard to education among the Nilotic Buradiga, with emphasis on the changes in the perception of the relationship of livestock inheritance and its substitution by formal Western education. An attempt will be made to observe the connection between the herding life and the schooling process, and how the transmission of wealth among the Datoga is changing due to the missing livestock and the growing awareness of the benefit of formal education. Moreover, the article attempts to answer the question whether formal education could constitute a suitable replacement for the missing livestock.

This paper deals with the representation of Africa in selected British opinion-forming periodicals. The study is dedicated to a comparison of the images of the continent and its inhabitants prevailing in the 19th century, exemplified by „The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London”, with contemporary images represented by the British media, such as the BBC’s „Focus on Africa Magazine”. The emphasis lies on an analysis of the stereotypes occurring in the discussed periodicals and a subsequent defining of the similarities as well as differences in the stereotyping of Africa in both pre-colonial and post-colonial periods. Further, their effect on public opinion is emphasised.

Group sexual harassment in the Arab World, so called taḥarruš, has reached an extraordinary extent in recent years. The problem remains unsolved despite various state actions and social initiatives. The text argues that the failure of the initiatives and information campaigns results from the fact that those actions and initiatives locate the causes outside the cultural and religious system, while it is the social structure itself, maintained by the universal nomos of religion and culture, that generates sexual frustrations which are in turn being vented in a manner combining elements of teasing and aggression. The article has been divided into two parts—the first contains a presentation of the problem, the second offers its analysis and explanation.

The article—deeply based on the field observations—deals with the proces of globalization in Northern Sudan, focusing particularly on infrastructural changes and their results in the second decade of the 21st century. Scholars—starting with the book by Jeremi Prestholdt (2008), who imported history of consumption and consumerism into the African studies—are currently debating over the character and impact of globalization. Using this approach, the article addresses the question about what needs some of the imported goods satisfy, how African consumers deal with these objects, and finally how these objects become incorporated into the local culture system.

Time and space are concepts that form an indivisible entity in the concept of ecological time. The process of separating these ideas in Anglo-American culture began along with the acceleration of technological development. It resulted in a quick, almost instantaneous rate of life, which affects destructively both individuals and general public. What is the main postulate of the ecology of time is to stop the negative effects of acceleration, and re-integrating the idea of time and space in the practice of everyday life.

Wschodnia Street in Łódź, once a bustling shopping street, is now associated with poverty and pathologies. In this article the author analyzes the performance project by Agnieszka Ziemiszewska—“Invisible Wschodnia”, which is aimed at its inhabitants. Scheduled as an intervention action and social event, it showed other faces, stories, and looks of the notorious street. The artist’s actions drew the residents’ attention to the traces of the past and uncovered invisible aspects of everyday life. The project made the residents aware that they are active actors creating and transforming the city’s space.

The article deals with folk music culture in the Silesian Beskid. Endogenous and exogenous transformations in the Beskid repertoire are related to various factors, therefore taking a definite attitude towards them may bring an ambivalent result. In the first case, according to the author, the changes may move in two directions, depending on the repertoire awareness of folk musicians. The transformation proces may be conscious when it is based on an authentic, well-known repertoire. In the case of the absence of a solid repertoire basis or being not aware of them (it is mostly true for young musicians), unreflective repeating of musical material occurs, which may result in “musical impoverishment” and even in the “loss of musical tradition”.

The aim of this text is to depict the evolution of change in representations of labor and value in a neoliberal society. This evolution is shown through ethnographical studies of small companies in the Upper Silesia as well as the work performed in such companies. The study argues that due to the influence of neoliberał ideology, the social functioning of labor and value has evolved from the class paradigm in the industrial society to a discontinuous structure of the set in the contemporary society. Labor has also changed its measurable representative features. For example, labor is no longer perceived through the lens of worktime or effort, but rather through the lens of value. The text constitutes an analysis of the changes in the labor and value structure and how this structure is perceived in a neoliberal society.