Współczesne badania archeologiczno‑historyczne umożliwiają rewizję wielu rdzennych praktyk religijnych znanych z obszaru Półwyspu Apenińskiego oraz szersze spojrzenie na wierzenia antycznych mieszkańców Rzymu. Pośród zapomnianych bogiń, takich jak Feronia, Marica, Reitia, szczególnie ciekawy wydaje się kult Angitii, mitycznej dawczyni życia utożsamianej z Dobrą Boginią. Ten fenomen religijny nie został jak dotąd szerzej zanalizowany, dlatego celem artykułu jest przede wszystkim zwięzła rewizja kultu ze wskazaniem jego roli, zasięgu terytorialnego
oraz przyczyn stopniowego zaniku.

In the Year of the Four Emperors Rome saw many dramatic events. Despite the fact that in that period the capital of the empire was not the centre stage of events, both the city and its residents did suffer a great deal. 

Numerous references furnished by source literature enable us to reconstruct the image of Rome of the years 68—69. The subsequent emperors who came to the capital: Galba, Otho and Vitellius, exploited it — each of them during their brief reign — to attain their personal goals, for example by placing numerous representations of themselves in various places in the city. Each subsequent entry of an emperor to the city entailed greater and great. However, it were the gods who were blamed to the greatest extent for destroying Rome. It was them who brought about many disasters in the city by the Tiber by sending numerous mala on the capital.

In January 1626 the Great Lithuanian Marshal, Jan Stanisław Sapieha, who was left behind by his father Lew in Livonia, was defeated by the Swedish army in Walmojza. News of the defeat quickly reached Warsaw, where the sessions of parliament were held, and it caused a great outrage among the noblemen and magnates who gathered there. It is from this period that the correspondence of the Great Lithuanian Marshal Lew Sapieha to his son Jan Stanisław dates back. The correspondence contains a great deal of interesting information concerning not only the military activities in Livonia but also the relations between the correspondents and their feelings, attitudes, opinions and reactions toward the changes that occurred on the Lithuanian political and military scene. The letters that were analysed furnish the image of a frustrated father who transferred his problems and failures on his son — the latter was already embarrassed by the defeat. It is likely that due to this the son’s mental health suffered.

François Louis de Bourbon, the Prince of Conti, was appointed as the French candidate for the Polish throne after Jan III Sobieski’s death. The long interregnum which lasted one year eventually brought about a bifurcation during the election and two electors were chosen — the Prince of Conti
and the Saxon elector, Friedrich August. Although such an outcome was expected right from the beginning, when the two kings were announced, a great confusion arose. The Wettin made vigorous attempts to gain the crown, whereas in France people waited to see how things would develop. The nobility who favoured the election of the Frenchman claimed that it was the latter who was supposed to solve the problem, by arriving with the army and the money which were previously promised by the French ambassador to François Louis’s supporters.

In the summer of 1697 the Prince of Conti attempted to receive information about the events in Poland, but the news that reached him were not clear. The letters which he wrote to his wife in that period present the attempts to explain the situation in Poland. His attitude toward the pieces of
information which reached him was balanced and detached. Heretofore this was interpreted as the Prince’s ill disposition toward a journey to the Rzeczpospolita, but it is impossible to establish what his attitude toward these events was on the basis of the correspondence, for the letters do not contain any opinions of the sender who was very careful not to reveal such opinions on this subject. The elector was careful not to reveal his attitude in order not to fall into Louis XIV’s disfavour.

As a result of double elections (an unofficial stage of the interregnum) following the death of Jan III pacification became one of the necessary political measures. The image of the interregnum which was fixed in the consciousness of the gentry was one of convocation, election, coronation, pacification. This mechanism operated during the penultimate interregnum to solve the conflict situation. This paper describes the course of pacification in Poznań and Kalisz voivodeships since the escape of Stanisław Leszczyński from Gdańsk to the pacification diet (sejmik) in 1736. One of the main objectives was to show how the followers of Augustus III used a knighthood government of voivodeships to legitimize
his rule and to convince the noblemen to reconcile.

The changes which were brought to Europe in the 19th century involved not only political or economic matters but also social transformations. Substantial instances of modernisation covered also the Austrian Silesia, which in the second half of that century had a solid network of school (especially elementary school) institutions. The staff who taught there began to assert their rights and thus made attempts to make independent decisions about its professional group. Such elements constituted one of the paths toward a civic society. Within the legal framework which were established by the state the teachers of the region representing all communities which resided there (the Poles, the Czech and the Germans) began to initiate their associations, which helped them further their aims which had to do with the amelioration of the social and professional situation, and in the subsequent years also in the pursuit of a national character of education. The particular associations of teachers at the same time raised the social awareness of the residents of the region — by means of collaboration as well as competition.

The weakness of the Szaniec Group forced its members to seek allies. A chance to break away from isolation was perceived in the collaboration with the right wing of the popular movement. Związek Pracy Ludowej “Orka”, which as an organisation of intellectuals with a peasant background wanted to extend the influence of the popular movement on the city was supposed to become a partner. However, the populist ideas of “Orka” collided with the nationalism which postulated unconditional national solidarity. Nevertheless the plea to subject the countryside to national interests was responded to by the “Orka” activists not in a Marxist manner — by emphasising the primacy of class peasant interests — but by identifying the people with the nation and by demanding from other strata of the society the recognition of the hegemony of the peasants. The “Orka’s” pursuit to ensure the popular movement a leading role in the state eventually precluded an alliance with the nationalists and forced the Związek Pracy Ludowej to combine with “Roch”.

Recenzja pracy poświęconej starożytnym zagadnieniom militarnym pt. "Wojny biblijne" [autorzy: Martin J. Dougherety, Michael E. Haskew, Phyllis G. Jestice, Rob S. Rice]. 

Artykuł recenzyjny artykułu Augusta Bielowskiego pt. "O Mistrzu Wincentym Kadłubku i jego Kronice", który ukazał się w 20. numerze krakowskiego czasopisma „Na Dziś”, w serii Biblioteka Tradycji Słowiańskiej.

Artykuł recenzyjny tomu pt. "From Ireland to Poland. Nothern Europe, Spain and the Early Modern World", opracowanego przez Enrique Garcíi Hernána i Ryszarda Skowrona. Opracowanie jest owocem konferencji naukowej o tym samym tytule, która odbyła się w Gdańsku, w dniach od 8 do 9 października 2014 roku, dzięki zaangażowaniu historyków z całej Europy, w szczególności redaktorów tomu, a także realizacji hiszpańskich projektów naukowych: Grupos de poder, comunidades e individuo del Norte de Europa en la Monarquía Hispánica durante la Edad Moderna oraz Los Extranjeros y las reformas en la España Borbónicas: actitudes y respuestas de las naciones a las reformas Carolinas desde una perspectiva comparada (1759—1793).

Artykuł recenzyjny książki Zbigniewa Hunderta pt. "Między buławą a tronem. Wojsko koronne w walce stronnictwa malkontentów z ugrupowaniem dworskim w latach 1669—1673", która jest efektem obronionej przez niego pracy doktorskiej. 

Recenzja monografii autorstwa Macieja Foryckiego pt. "Stanisław Leszczyński", wydanej przez Wydawnictwo Poznańskie w 2016 roku w serii biograficznej poświęconej polskim władcom.

Recenzja monografii autorstwa Marzeny Bogus pt. "Nauczyciele szkół ludowych Śląska Cieszyńskiego w XIX i na początku XX wieku. Uwarunkowania prawne i zawodowe", wydanej w 2013 roku. Autorka postawiła sobie za cel przedstawienie wszystkich aspektów działalności zawodowej grupy społecznej nauczycieli szkół ludowych Śląska Cieszyńskiego, także w kontekście jej miejsca i znaczenia wśród lokalnej inteligencji.

Recenzja drugiej edycji pracy Stanisława Grodziskiego pt. "Wzdłuż Wisły, Dniestru i Zbrucza. Wędrówki po Galicji dyliżansem, koleją, samochodem", która ukazała się w 2016 roku nakładem wydawnictwa Grell.