Effects of speaker gender and child age on the prosody of parentese: cross-linguistic
evidence
„Spieszczenia” to wyrażenia językowe, jakimi posługują się dorośli, mówiąc do dzieci.
Ich funkcją jest regulowanie pobudzenia i komunikowanie emocji. Ich suprasegmentalna prozodia
ułatwia naukę języka. Ta „pouczająca prozodia” jest porównywana w języku angielskim i holenderskim
oraz pomiędzy mową męską i żeńską, adresowaną do dzieci w wieku 0,5–2,4 lat. Zostały szczegółowo
określone różnice w prozodii pomiędzy próbkami mowy kierowanej do dziecka i mowy kierowanej
do dorosłych. Wykonano analizę ANCOVA, traktując parametry prozodii jako zmienne zależne,
płeć dorosłych oraz język – jako stałe, a wiek dziecka – jako zmienną towarzyszącą. Kobiety bardziej
uwypuklały intonację i modulowały ton głosu adekwatnie do wieku dziecka. Ton głosu był podniesiony
dużo bardziej w grupie kobiet mówiących w języku amerykańskim. Szybkość mówienia była
istotnie niższa w języku flamandzkim, holenderskim. Hipoteza zakłada, że ton głosu jest używany jako
parajęzykowa cecha adresowana do młodszych niemowląt, a niższe tempo mówienia – do starszych
dzieci, które zaczynają rozumieć komunikaty werbalne.
Metalinguistic awareness of homonymy in children with cleft lip and palate: a pilot
study
Celem niniejszego badania jest ocena metajęzykowej świadomości homonimii wśród dzieci
z rozszczepem wargi i podniebienia. Dokonano zestawienia wyników z ich zdolnościami ekspresji
i odbioru mowy. Badanie objęło 13 osób z rozszczepem wargi i podniebienia, w średnim wieku 10,9
(w przedziale od 9,5 do 12 lat). Wszyscy pacjenci poddani byli identycznemu protokołowi chirurgicznemu.
Adekwatna do wieku językowa świadomość homonimii została zaobserwowana u większości
dzieci. U niektórych spośród badanych z rozszczepem wargi i podniebienia pojawiły się specyficzne
problemy z metajęzykowym uczeniem się – mające związek bądź nie z problemami z rozumowaniem
przez wnioskowanie i zdolnością do rozumienia na poziomie zdania. Te odkrycia poświadczają, że
wczesna ocena i leczenie specyficznej metajęzykowej świadomości dzieci z rozszczepem wargi i podniebienia
sprzyjają zapobieganiu opóźnień lub problemów w nauce drugiego języka w ostatniej klasie
szkoły podstawowej.
The Problem of Metathesis – Positive Approach in Speech Therapy Diagnosis
The article tackles the problem of a varied diagnosis and in particular, describes the new
positive attitude in it. All methodologist and theorists of speech therapy were pinpointing pathology
as the main interest of speech therapy. The change of the attitude for the positive approach proves
beneficial for artistic and educational speech therapy. The positive approach pays attention to prevention,
which shapes appropriate habits and language skills.
Phoneme as a prototype and radial category. Cognitive conception
The subject matter of the study is the presentation of questions which are connected
with the notion of the phoneme. The authoress intention was to approach the reader not only with
the meaning of this notion but to show how differently it can be understood and what role it plays
regarding the usage of a language. The effect of presented considerations is the presentation of own
capture of a phoneme with the help of chosen principles of cognitive linguistics, particularly the
theory of prototypes.
What makes human voice unique among other instruments is the fact, that it is a live
instrument which, as the only one, produces articulated tones. Among every all articulated organs
which are responsible for that phenomenon velum draws the highest attention. It is the moving and
articulating organ situated in the oral cavity. Good condition of the organ provides better articulation
and resonance, elimination of rhinolalia and development of diapason for the vocalist. These
elements are the quintessence of vocal technique. Belittling Underestimating velum’s efficiency leads
to many irregularities and faults excluding proper voice projection in the above named aspects.
Linguistic disorders in neuro-degenerative diseases – diagnostic and therapeutic
aspects
Authors of the article undertook the subject of discussion dealing with complex problems
of the speach disorders occurrence at older people. Changes taking place regarding speech of
older people relate mostly to people at very advanced age and they usually have influence on the
efficiency of communicating with the society. Linguistic disorders are connected with the physiological
process of aging of the organism and they can come into being on the basis of various types of
diseases, in the result of which it comes to
The Locked-in syndrome and logopedic diagnosis and therapy
The locked-in syndrome is a neurological condition that arises through different pathomechanisms
resulting in damage to deep brain structures. The damage affects corticobulbar and
corticospinal tracts, thereby causing the patient’s complete physical disability, with retained consciousness
and full cognitive capability. Anarthria-type speech disorders occurring in patients with
the locked-in syndrome require the use of alternative communication techniques in order to restore
their ability to communicate with the world around them. The impossibility of interaction with the
patient causes considerable diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties to neuro-speech therapists. Standards
of speech-therapy management in locked-in syndrome cases and criteria for differentiating it
from other syndromes have not yet been developed. There is an increasingly frequent need to rehabilitate
patients with the locked-in syndrome, which has been caused by both improved standards of
clinical treatment and the spread of knowledge about the syndrome itself and about the life situation
of patients affected by it.
Aspects the diagnosis and the therapy of swallowing in extrapyramidal illnesses on
the example of Parkinson disease
In the article aspects of diagnosis and therapy of swallowing disorders in extrapyramidal
illnesses on the example of Parkinson disease were presented. Parkinson disease belongs to neurodegenerative
illnesses of the central nervous system. Its most characteristic manifestation is the socalled
Parkinsonian triad i.e. muscular rigidity, slow down motions and passive tremor. Neurogenic
dysphagia appears very offen in the Parkinson disease. That is why the specific opinion on swallowing
makes up the basis to the introduction of rehabilitation methods conditioning improvement
and reconstruction of correct function of swallowing. This article presents instrumental and noninstrumental
methods of evaluating patients with Parkinson disease and dysphagia as well as therapy
methods of swallowing disorders.
Neuropsychological conditions of Down syndrom
Authors of the article undertook an important subject of the correlation of conditions of
Down syndrom (its genetic syndrome) with the latest reports from medical world literature. Fragments
relating to relationships between Down syndrom and dementative syndroms deserve special
attention (particularly at adults and older people) as well as the indication of exact dependences
between genetic syndrome and dementia diseases.
Conditioning emotional statements at people with biological norm and persons with
speech disorders
This article is about the mechanisms of learning and using a suprasegmental structure
of language in social interactions, in order to provide information about emotions. The issue is discussed
in the context of the biological and social standards. It is also related to the possibility of
using emotional prosody by persons with different speech disorders: caused by perceptual efficiency
deficits (for example in hearing loss) and executive efficiency deficits (in dysarthria in cerebral palsy).
“To seat like a lemon” or on a difficult language of sermons
Listening to sermons is getting more and more difficult for a contemporary man. This
may be due to the growing discrepancy between language used and understood by listeners and the
language of preachers. The language of sermons and homilies is the literary one in its normative-anddidactic
form. The official teaching of the Church shows that a considerable importance is attributed
to the verbal sphere of preaching. The language of preaching should be correct, esthetic and contemporary.
Also, it should be adequate, which is congruent with the reality it describes. In the preaching
of the Word of God the content is the most important. The form of the utterance should serve the
content.
The article presents the results of studies conducted in a group of 36 children aged 6–15
years, diagnosed with dysarthria in the infantile cerebral palsy. The experimental group was divided
into two equinumerous subgroups: 1) intellectually normal children, 2) mentally retarded children.
The main diagnostic technique used in investigations was the Dysarthria Scale. Children’s version.
The presented experiments concern one of the problems examined as part of the project “Segmental
and Suprasegmental Specificity of the Phonic Sequence and the Intelligibility of Utterances in
Dysarthria Cases in Infantile Cerebral Palsy”. The study financed from science-targeted funds in
2010–2012 as a research project.
Neurologopedical and neurodevelopmental disorders in syndromic dyscranias on the
In this article the authors present one of the most frequent clinical syndroms connected
with complex dyscranias – the acroce phalosyndactylia of A type, i.e. Apert syndrom. Authors present
cases of three children touched by this illness and they will show the disorders of cognitive and
communicative functions that aresignificant as regards the work of speech neurotherapist.
possibility to communicate.
Disorder of linguistic actions in the case of right cerebral hemisphere damages on the
examples of patients after ischaemia apoplexy
This article presents the results of researches related to linguistic actions at patients after
ischaemia apoplexy having various linguistic disorders of various degree in case of right cerebral
hemisphere damages. The aim of the researches was checking what information on speech pragmacy
and prosody can be delivered by tests. Effords were made to establish if others, coexisting disorders,
have influence on its linguistic and communication functioning.
Music and music playing in defeating communication and linguistic difficulties at
autistic children
Autism in spite of so many studies and experiments that take in recent years, there
remains still the subject of lively discussion. Often, even disputes as to its complex, controversial
nature. Numerous studies, which so far are involving many specialists approached much science to
know this extraordinary phenomenon. Their results allowed after all, the development of many wellknown
and accepted in the world of programs to stimulate the development of children and young
people affected by the said disorder. The effectiveness of many methods but still not satisfied enough
to satisfy the expectations of parents and teachers. Recent years have indeed resulted in a distinct
change for the better, especially in terms of attitudes towards children with a diagnosis of autism, as
well as their parents, but it seems to be far too little compared to the needs. This changed not only the
attitude of society, but also the position of perceiving education authorities and health educational
needs of children with autism. It turns out that children with a diagnosis of autism requires not only
an adequate education, but also the systematic treatment multiprofile social support and rehabilitation
of rational interaction. Hence, this study attempted to take this topic cognitive. The author
makes an attempt to stimulate social development of children with a diagnosis of autism, the fun
with singing and music. The results confirmed the validity of the assumptions that children affected
by autism can be incorporated into a play activity. They may be interested in movement and music.
You can while having fun make contact with them. You can also without difficulty incorporate them
into a peer group, and this is their great achievement.
Alalia prolongata or oligophasia? Problems of logopedical diagnosis
This article says about problems with diagnosis of delayed speech end language development
and delayed because of oligophrenia. Speech and language therapists have a lots of doubts with
analysis of language announces and causes of speech and language delayed and impairment. There
are many causes of delayed speech and language development. Observation and document analysis
are very important during differencing diagnosis of speech disorders in children. Educating children
with speech and language delay needs intervention speech and language therapists and psychological
diagnosis. Speech and language are improving when a child is intelligent. Children often have
problem with learning language speaking when the mental development is less than normal, there
is any progress. It is necessary to analysis and to observe children’s communications behaviour and
cause of speech disorders. The examination is very important to diagnose and to create the program
of speech and language therapy.
The paper constitutes a presentation of diagnosis and therapy in a child after a intrauterine
spina bifida surgery with recognized hydrocephalus. The author discusses the character of the
disorder, pathomechanism and its results on the development of the child. The therapeutic techniques
are presented and analyzed which aim at improving breathing, phonation and voice production
as well as at stimulating both cerebral hemispheres. The author presents the results of the
therapy and the case study highlights the accuracy of chosen methods.
Preliminary summary of researches dealing with disorders of speech regarding children
of pre-school age with the dysfunction of swallowing and breathing
In the article the author presents the results of initial research of disorders of the oral
phase of swallowing and breathing in children of preschool age. She points out the relationship
between breathing, swallowing and the development of child’s phonetic and phonological system.
The aim is to identify the existing difficulties of the patient to plan speech-therapy with the focus on
achieving proper articulation.
The analysis of anatomical and functional conditions affecting the pronunciation of
theatre school students – report from the research
The article presents preliminary results from the research on the biological determinants
of speech in theatre academy students. The aim was to establish the frequency and intensity of the
observed disorders. Analysis of the results inclines to ask questions – how early should entrants begin
preparing for the exam; whether the speech diagnosis in case of young actor should differ significantly
from the standard procedure?
10.31261/LOGOPEDIASILESIANA
English
Język Polski