The aim of the research presented in the article is to reconstruct the conceptual image of joy reflected in the Spanish and Polish fixed expressions. The study is based on the theory of the linguistic image of the world and on the cognitive theory of metaphor. The analysis allows the formation of hypothesis about the way in which the Spanish and Polish language communities understand the idea of joy and shows that there are both similarities and differences between the conceptual images of this emotion reflected in the languages in question. In both languages the joy is conceptualized by means of the references to its prototypical causes, experiences, external expressions, internal symptoms and to other phenomena associated with it and not related to the emotional situation. Furthermore, in both languages, the joy is conceptualized with the use of the same conceptual metaphors: JOY IS LIGHT, JOY IS INTERNAL GROWTH, JOY IS LIGHTNESS, JOY IS UP. In relation to the more specific level of the conceptualization, both similarities and differences have been observed. For example, in both languages the joy is associated with the childhood, only in the Spanish language it is associated with the Easter, while only in the Polish language, with birds.

The subject of the article are discourse markers examined from the point of view that reaches beyond concentrating on text coherence and cohesion, or the information structure. It is postulated that discourse markers be analyzed as interactional markers whose communicative function may be defined through terms typical of linguistic politeness ( face-work; FTA vs FFA, positive politeness vs negative politeness), subjectivisation process, or interpretative tools of sociopragmatic conversational analysis.

The aim of this article is to present the results of the affirming statements analysis appearing in the blog of a Peruvian psychologist. We are to analyze and explain their functions, difference and predominant components from the linguistic point of view. The study focuses on the features of success language elements in auto suggestive formulas.

Many linguists indicate that the analytical nature of language, whose one of the first parameters is average number of morphemes in a word, is related to the nominal tendencies, while synthetic language prefers verbal style. Spanish is considered to be an analytical language, compared to more synthetic Polish. The aim of this paper is to examine in which contexts Spanish shows higher nominal tendency than Polish and in which ones both languages prefer nominal style in the same degree. Many factors can influence the choice of a verbal or nominal structure in the text: grammatical, sociolinguistic or psycholinguistic ones. For this reason 3 types of corpora have been examined — each one concerning different level of language. Detailed corpus analysis allows to state, that the biggest difference between the two languages exists in general language (narrative texts) and the smallest in juridical discourse. This in turn leads to a statement, that the grammatical factor is not always the most decisive for the stylistic choice in the language.

We propose a comparative study on the Spanish, French and Polish, temporal expressions referring to the parts of the day, in order to see if the speakers of the three languages use to divide the day in the same or different way. The initial hypothesis that we hold is that the time, is generally perceived in the three languages in a similar way, yet at the level of specific expressions we can find differences arising from the sociolinguistic and cultural otherness between speakers of the three languages.

This paper is a part of a more general study in which we present the linguistic mechanisms of persuasion in rap discourse. Within hip hop, MC Battles are one of the most visible and potentially humiliating venues for demonstrating one’s verbal skill. Each rapper’s goal is to insult their opponent with spontaneous rhymes within sixty seconds. Winners are judged by the response of the audience. We are going to observe the functioning of the metaphor in rap discourse as a strategy of the communication and the persuasion. Apart from that we will also try to reflect on the definition of the metaphor from the point of view of pragmatics and cognitive linguistics.

The aim of this paper is to present various scenarios of the emotion of ANGE R in Spanish and Polish languages based on the English language. We can observe that the differences between the prototypical English scenario and the Spanish-Polish one (viz lack of the control stage / losing control) come from the differences in the conceptualization and view of the world. The above mentioned cultural differences cause the need to conceptualize and create different lexemes such as indignación / furor / enojo y la irritación. In the English language we deal with a single lexeme, ANGE R, which corresponds to two different lexemes in Spanish and Polish: ira / gniew and rage / złość. This distinction must be taken into account when we talk about the prototypical scenario of the emotions of the IRA group which in general appears to have more typical features of rabia / złość that ira / gniew, although it is the latter which gives the name to the whole group of universal emotions of IRA / GNIEW .

The present paper deals with the conceptualization of fear in the Spanish language and its main aim is to prove that a considerable part of our conceptual system is metaphorical. When expressing fear we frequently refer to the conceptual metaphor the source domain of which lies in the parts of the human body, in the paper illustrated by a selection of colloquial phrases denoting fear in Spanish. In many cases the associations between a particular body part (the heart or male sex organs) and the emotion in question reveals a pejorative character of fear. Metaphors are an effective tool in expressing the concepts generally regarded as abstract.

Language is a tool that enables various messages to be transmitted. The present analysis is aimed to study the usage and functions of the discourse markers taking as an example one of the argumentative discourses of the Spanish Prime Minister. The objective is to classify the discourse elements (markers, connectors, adjectives, etc.) which influence the message depending on the function they fulfill. Our study focuses on the division of discourse markers, their functions and constructions
that are formed with their help. In order to fulfill our objectives and confirm the most significant relations between discourse markers and the text, we have analyzed a fragment taken from the chosen discourse according to the classification and characteristics of discourse markers.

The acceptability of every target text in the receiving culture is strictly connected with strategies applied by main actors of the process, i.e. translator, editor and publishing house. All of them take into consideration expectations of a specific reader to whom they address not only the text itself, but also paratexts that must be treated as a part of it. This paper includes an analysis of the way in which some ideological implications of the linguistic form and cultural focus can shape the reception of two chronicles of the Conquest of the New World.

The aim of the study is to present a diachronic analysis of a process of word formation in scientific and technical Spanish that is a result of many cross-cultural and linguistic influences proceeded from different linguistic communities (Iberian, Jewish, Andalusian Moors) and from the heritage of Ancient Greek and Roman. The former one is especially present in a great number of medical terms while the second one, both with English, is noticed in technical disciplines (construction, metallurgy, textile industry). Moreover, other European languages like French and Italian had an influence on the development of scientific and technical Spanish vocabulary. We also consider the main role of English, as lingua franca, in present day scientific communication, because so called anglicisms are commonly used in technical and scientific Spanish.

In the field of translation studies, which are nowadays considered as a process of communication between cultures and languages, the aspect of cultural diversity and the role of translator as an intermediary between cultures has been emphasized stronger and stronger for the last few years. Nowadays is that what is foreign and unknown in the culture of source language that is being emphasized. At the same time the original terminology in the form of transliteration or transcription is being preserved in more and more cases and, according to the principle of translational adequacy regarding original content, the graphical shape or sound of the translation unit considered as an untranslatable is being reproduced. Despite many centuries of translators’ practical activity, little has been done on the ground of Polish-Spanish research. There are still few theoretical works in the field of methodology of translation of social-civilization-cultural realities. This article considers translation of cultural components of proprial sphere of language, that is sphere of proper names, which include not only nomenclature, anthroponyms, toponyms, titles, but also culture components in a wider point of view, i.e. names of institutions and realities of social life, that have their reflection in language and are considered as untranslatable or difficult to translate.

The aim of this article is to show how the abstract concept of care for the body is conceptualized by cognitive metaphors. I decided that the most interesting and promising study material will be women’s magazines: in my analysis I shall use metaphorical expressions describing bodycare coming from three magazines (each in three language versions: Polish, English and Spanish) with differing amounts of ‘informative’ content concentrated on fashion and body, yet all almost devoid of non-persuasive journalism. The more aware and resilient against direct advertising is the consumer, the stronger is the need of publishers to hide the message in quasi-articles or between the lines of a quasi-interview. It’s then no surprise that the skillful use of M. Johnson’s and G. Lakoff’s theory of the conceptual metaphor — providing the advertisers with a powerful and versatile tool than practically cannot be abused (because it has infinite possible individual realizations in the text and is at the
same time transparent for the reader) — became one of the key issues in marketing.

This paper discusses Spanish pseudo-relative clauses, and other types of relative clauses that do not fit the classic distinction between defining and non-defining relatives. The analysis takes into account syntactic, semantic, and information structure properties of analyzed structures. I argue that in Spanish, beside the generally acknowledged pseudo-relative clauses in sentences with verbs of perception in the matrix clause, there is another type, restricted only to spoken language and appearing in a very specific contexts. This paper also shows why pseudo-relative clauses should not be analyzed as predicative relative clauses. The other kind of relative clauses identified and discussed in this work are the relative clauses of degree. I argue that while in most instances the degree relatives are undistinguishable from defining ones on formal basis, in oblique relatives the difference is made explicit. Yet another kind discussed is that of appositive relatives (internal-head relatives) as opposed to ordinary non-defining relatives (external-head relatives). Finally, it is argued that some apparent non-defining relatives have clausal (as opposed to nominal) antecedents. In the last section of the paper the adverbial relative clause is discussed, and differentiated from a non-relative adverbial clause.

The purpose of this article is an attempt to define insult and insulting vocabulary, as well as to propose a typology of both linguistic phenomena. The starting point is the definition of insult proposed by Grzegorczykowa (1991), still current in the Polish linguistics. The author specifies a certain assumption of this definition, which, in consequence, allows the thesis that insult is a fuzzy category, and thus a category with a prototype. This thesis has an impact on formulating a definition of insulting vocabulary, which puts a special emphasis on the cultural factor.

The natural coexistence of languages remaining in the close geographical contact leads to language transfer. The aim of this article is to present some examples of the transfer that involves the influence between Spanish and Portuguese in Olivença, in Portugal, and on the Brazilian-Uruguay border (the cities of Rivera-Livramento). Therefore, it is anticipated that certain features of the interference occurring in the regions mentioned above may be generalized to reveal some facts about the mechanisms of language acquisition. Moreover, the examples we analyzed lead us to the conclusion that certain regular interference patterns can also be found during the Portuguese lessons with the groups of students of the Spanish philology.

The aim of this paper is the analysis of some theoretical and descriptive questions connected with the grammatical status of the Spanish tenses ‘copretérito’ (cantaba) and pretérito (canté) with special attention to the use in the contexts of [± temporal delimitation] and to relations between categories of Tense and Aspect. The starting point of the analysis is the research realized by Ilpo Kempas and the distinction between aspectual and temporal approaches in the description of Spanish tenses.

This paper is intended to present the newest edition of Spanish grammar elaborated by the Association of the Spanish Language Academies from the Spanish speaking countries. This latest edition is partly a continuation of the old Spanish grammatical tradition and partly a completely new approach to grammatical problems.

The aim of this paper is to provide evidence on the spontaneous intonation acquisition by Polish students of Spanish as a second language. The methodology followed is inspired the AM PER-Spain project i.e. a research focused on investigating prosodic features of Spanish. Our results show that Polish students are able to imitate fairy well the declarative sentence patterns. In yes-no-interrogative patterns instead, though the ascending juncture movement is generally observed, there are differences in the pre-toneme patterns, especially with regard to the f0 max and f0 min obtained, which makes the pre-toneme contour much more plain compared to what has been stated for the Spanish native speaker.

This article is a continuation of the paper presented at the previous session and, at the same time, the summary of some comments of the project devoted to semantic change. The theme of the project are the Spanish etymological doublets extracted from the lexicographical material (1611—1739). At first we present the common theories about the semantic changes in the doublets and the mechanism of their formation. The adopted analysis scheme is the classic division into the mechanism of change (transfer of meaning through metaphor, metonymy, ellipse or popular etymology) and the effects of the change (widening and narrowing of meaning and its pejoration or amelioration) plus the phenomena observed in our study: the relationship concrete — abstract and a phenomenon called semantic distribution. After the examples that illustrate this scheme, the conclusions, both the quantitative and qualitative, are presented.

Three most typical and dynamic sounds in Spanish namely: [s], [rr] and [x] are characterized in detail in the article as they constitute a certain linguistic peculiarity of the language from the phonetic-articulate, acoustic, and phonological points of view. Their analysis also takes into account the didactic aspects of their pronunciation by non-native speakers of Spanish.

This paper aims to analyze the selected phraseological units including names of animals from both syntactic and semantic point of view. The main purpose of our research, carried out in the area of cultural linguistics, is to present lexical differences and similarities not only between Polish and Spanish languages but also between regional varieties of Spanish. We intend to demonstrate that the same phraseological units with zoosemic term may exist only in certain varieties or may be used in distinctly different ways in respective Spanish speaking countries. In other words, it may present differences both in the metaphorical realization (figurative meaning) and image component which forms its conceptual structure.

This article compares the meaning of the Spanish verbs venir and llegar, and their Polish counterparts in order to describe similarities and differences in the conceptualization of movement in both languages.

The predicative adjectives are polysemic lexical units and the equivalent of translation depends on the use of the adjective, that is to say on their potential context, and not on their form. To solve the problem of polysemy it is necessary to observe all the possible uses according to the classes of objects that appear in the positions of arguments. The aim of the study is to present the syntactic-semantic properties of the adjectives siguiente in Spanish, suivant in French and następny in Polish.

The aim of this paper is to describe the phenomenon of time perspective in philosophy and physics and its influence on the linguistics representation. One’s preference for certain consideration of the time is influenced by many factors. There are three ways to look at the world: the philosophical, the physical and the experiential. The author´s basic idea is that the interference among the scientific theories and the real experience of the world has created a conceptual vision of the time shared by all members of the European culture. Even though, this conceptual vision is not always equivalent to the linguistic one represented in different European languages, the differences are not significant. Theoretical instrument applied is the cultural linguistics with a special emphasis put on the cognitive grammar. For the verification of some universal properties and uses of analyzed forms appropriate Polish constructions were been used.

The aim of the paper is to analyze the origin and the grammaticalization of the indefinite pronoun omne in Old and Middle Spanish. Basing on the relatively large corpus of literary texts, we will find the reasons of its fading since the XVI century.