wstęp

The role of stereotypes in shaping the polyphonic literary and cultural universe based on the example of the original and Polish translation of Ivo Andric’s novel The Bridge on the Drina

In this article, the question of various stereotypes present in the original and Polish translation (translated by Halina Kalita) of Ivo Andric’s novel The Bridge on the Drina is taken into consideration. Since the universe of Andric’s book is located in the extraordinarily complex hybrid borderland of Bosnia, the very transfer of semantic sense into the new language, here: the Polish language must be realized within the adaptation of certain cultural matrixes and linguistic items. In this research article, several questions are analyzed: the lack of similarity between the Bosnian and Polish cultural universes, the apparent equivalence of linguistic items, and the role of various readers who — bearing their own cultural imaginations/ stereotypes — interpret the book in different ways.

Key words: Ivo Andrić, translation into Polish, stereotypes in translation, the imaginary aspect
of culture

Source text’s destereotypization of interpretations in the process of translations — some theses about the culinary art of Adam Mickiewicz’s Sir Thaddeuss in Rozka Štefan Slovenian translations

Adam Mickiewicz’s Sir Thaddeus, or the Last Lithuanian Foray — Polish national epic poem, written in the Romantic period — is a masterpiece, considered to be untranslatable. It contains and codifies certain “patterns of Polishness”: stereotypical depictions of everything that are typically Polish, and indivisibly connected with the Polish (cultural, historical, literary, political) context and environment.

In the article it is asserted that a number of terms and depictions, which, in a certain culture are considered as stereotypical, in a translation change their status: they are neither schematic nor obvious anymore (they lose their stereotypy). The process of “destereotypization” takes place mainly because of the transfer into another language and into another cultural context, and because of the receiver’s (reader’s) different cultural education, who interprets the text from a completely different, new point of view.

Key words: „Polishness”, untranslatable, typical dishes (culinary), intercultural communication, interpretation, destereotypization, cultural context.

Bulgarian wedding rite in translation of Snaha by Georgi Karaslavov

Article addresses issues related to the ways (note, a direct transfer, equivalence) of rendering in translation selected elements of stereotypical traditional Bulgarian wedding (at the level of the operational plane — relation between representatives of both sexes, leading to the selection of candidates for the wife, objective code — sweet rakija as a symbol of virginity of the bride and verbal code — addressative phrases in relations between husband and wife).

Key words: stereotype, traditional Bulgarian wedding, note, direct transfer, equivalence.

Male gender stereotypes in the Polish translations of Miloš Crnjanski’s, Tales about men

Gender stereotypes present a conventionally simplified and standardized conception or image concerning the typical social roles of males and females. M. Crnjanski focuses on the problem of the various stereotypes of men. The writer shows his characters in areas that are stereotypically considered to be appropriate for men, such as professional work, politics, war, and sexual relations. The book contained stereotypes that the readers of the original version and the readers of the translations perceive differently, because Polish and Serbian readers have different historical and cultural experiences.

Key words: stereotypes, men, Crnjanski, translation.

Stanislaw Ignacy Witkiewicz’s fallocentric stereotypes in Macedonian translation

The translation of literature from one language to our own is very complicated work, mainly because of certain stereotypical information from a culture different than ours. That is why this article will be about the fallocentrism of Stanislaw I. Witkiewicz in the novel Farewell to autumn translated in Macedonian. In this novel, he does not go far from his man’s world and is always connected with the stereotypes of nationality and typical women’s behavior. He describes them as saints, mothers, lovers, and stupid beings, which is why examples of the translation of such stereotypical parts and how they appear in Macedonian translation are explored.

Key words: fallocentrism, Stanislaw Ignacy Witkiewicz, Macedonian translation, Farewell to Autumn, stereotypes.

Female stereotype — Miro Gavran’s drama Sve o ženama and its Polish translation

In this paper, female stereotypes in Gavran’s drama entitled Sve o ženama (eng. All about women) are analyzed. They are based on generation, society and culture. Comparing the original text of the drama and its Polish translation which is entitled Wszystko o kobietach corroborates the thesis that there are some universal female stereotypes which are created in the world of men. They attribute sensitivity, submissiveness, talkativeness, quarrelsomeness and specific language and social behaviours to women.

Key words: female stereotypes, translation, adaptation, Miro Gavran.

The Subculture in the stereotype, the stereotype in the subculture: A few notes on the Slovak translation of Wojna polsko-ruska pod flagą biało-czerwoną by Dorota Masłowska

This paper focuses on a short general description of the Polish translation of the novel by Dorota Masłowska Wojna polsko-ruska pod flagą biało-czerwoną into Slovak (Sneh a krv). The translation, prepared by Tomáš Horváth, tries to show the world of the Polish city subculture of blockers based on the background of the stereotypes in this particular subculture. The author presents the definition of a subculture and stereotype in sociological literature, but also from a linguistic point of view. It also characterizes the language in the Slovak translation regardless of its slang implementation through univerbized units, vulgarisms, pejoratives, dysphemisms and phraseological units. This is to resolve the issue of the loyalty of the Slovak translation with the Polish original.

Key words: stereotype, subculture, translation, slang, Sneh a krv, expressiveness, subculture of blockers.

Pepiki by Mariusz Surosz in Czech translation

Mariusz Surosz’s biographical essays entitled: Pepiki. Dramatic century of Czechs — which portrays life and fate of several notable Czech personalities from XXth century, while trying to revise Polish stereotypes about Czechs — was translated by Pavel Weigl and published in 2011 by PLUS publishing house. Czech reviewers compared it to Gottland by Mariusz Szczygieł and accepted it well, though the average readers reacted more critically.

The article identify causes which determined the translator’s choise to balance between „foreignization” and „domestication” of the text. It also points out consequences of that choice and finally notes the editorial level of Surosz’s Czech book.

Key words: translation, biographical essay, stereotypes.

Juggling Stereotypes by Miljenko Jergović. On the Polish Translation of the Novel Srda pjeva, u sumrak, na duhove

This article is based on a Polish translation of the novel by Miljenko Jergović Srda pjeva, u sumrak, na duhove and discusses the problem of stereotypes in translation. Selected translation procedures will show the interpreter (Magdalena Petryńska) trying to convey stereotypical notions of the original frame in the Polish cultural circle. Examples of the procedures that interpreter’s followed are also a starting point to the reflection on the idea of linking the problem of interpretation and the problem of stereotype. Through these examples it is shown that the subject (which is also a literary figure) is a cultural being.

The problem of stereotype allows for the raising of a question about the independence of reality and art’s interpretation. Response to this question is inquired with the help of the concepts of S. Turner and P. Bourdieu.

Key words: Miljenko Jergović, translation, stereotype, interpretation.

Stereotypical Slovene victims novels in translation using Vlado Žabot’s novel Wilcze noce

The novel Wilcze noce of Vlado Žabot is the source of knowledge about the Slovene character and stereotype including heterosterotype, formed under the influence of the cultural diversity of Slovenia, its historical and socio-political events. This unevenness of character is plain in the language of translation, in the semiotic and semantic structure. The polish reader can because of the translation of the novel Wilcze noce, come to know the stereotypical of Slovene as a person with strong self-destructive tendencies realized by the means of the ritual suffering at the same time influencing the ‘Other’ in the form of daily life rituals, group violence and self-sacrifice. The text of the translation was shaped 14 years after the first original Slovene edition and is a form of coming to terms with a change of the image of the Slovene in Polish and Slovene mentality.

Key words: victim, Slo venian, self‑sacrifice,passivity, pain, space

Ostatnia Wieczerza by Paweł Huelle (and Jana Unuk) as a confrontation with own tradition and other people’s culture

In 2010, only three years after the Polish edition, a translation by Jana Unuk of the novel Ostatnia Wieczerza (‘The Last Supper’) by Paweł Huelle appeared.

The mental schema of The Last Supper (the basis of a stereotype), which is in the character of a sacrificial feast and consists of: the shared supper of Jesus and the apostles, the knowledge of Jesus about the betrayal by Judas, about His own martyrdom, sacrifice and transubstantiation and the message of faith, covers the structure of the entire novel. The stereotype has been introduced into the context of the contemporary events as an argument of a broader dialogue on the topic of community, freedom, betrayal, religion and art.

In a way, Jana Unuk has become a co-author of the novel by transferring the sense and the idea of the original version to the Slovenian culture, due to the performed language transfer. Despite the faithfulness to the original and the translation art of the translator, the mental schema of The Last Supper that is oriented upon the future did not receive the potentiality of the original (giving hope) because of the different pragmatics of the Slovenian language and its slightly different cultural conception. 

Entering into an accepting culture, the original assumes its features even on the level of translating stereotypes that are as stable as religious stereotypes.

Key words: a stereotype, translation, The Last Supper, PawełHuelle, Jana Unuk.

The Paradoxes of Polish Poetry’s Anthologising in Bulgarian Language Translations

This article explores two paradoxes related to the concept of the Anthology of Contemporary Polish Poets that are associated with stereotypes about Polish poetry which exists amongst Bulgarian readers and researchers. The first paradox is related to the establishment of a model of the reader, introduced by Boyan Penev in his anthology from 1921, which limits opportunities for comparative reading of the proposed anthologized material. The second paradox is the discrepancy between the statements made in the introduction to the anthology that the relationships between literary phenomena of the periods before and after the Second World War will be clarified and elaborated and the actual omission of the role of the vanguard in the development of the Polish poetry. This paradox is caused by attempts to impose stereotyped notions of poetics and ideology of the literary avant-garde in the time the anthology was published.

Key words: anthology, anthologising, translation history, bulgarian contemporary poetry, stereotypes in literary reception

Stereotypes in the translation of Slovak short stories under the title Fairy Tales for Naughty Children and Their Caring Parents by Dušan Taragel

The author of the article raises the problem of stereotypes in the Slovak collection of short stories book under the title Fairy Tales for Naughty Children and Their Caring Parents (1997) written by Dušan Taragel. The article focuses on the original text and its Polish translation by Tomasz Grabiński published in 2005. Dušan Taragel‘s short stories are an interesting example of using stereotypes in literature. He uses and forces well known sterotypes to perform tasks inconsistent with their basic semantics which leads to a transformation of the individual components of the stereotype and includes the new atypical structural relationships. Taragel’s short stories undertake a peculiar play with stereotypes using of the genre of the grotesque. An interesting matter is how the Polish translation deals with this and is carried out at all levels play. The article tries to answer the question if stereotypes may be translatable into the second language when the code changes, if they can be translatable in an act of cultural communication.

Key words: Stereotype and translation, Slovak literature, Dušan Taragel, Tomasz Grabiński, Slovak literature in Poland.

Attributive errors — their psychological distribution, possible evaluation and elimination in the translating process

This paper attempts to provide for the psychological mechanisms of attribution, which appear in secondary text reception and evaluation of the role of the interpreter. The mechanisms described in the article relate to the difference in the perspective of the actor (the translator) and the observer (reader) and are described in the context of the stereotypes that appear in the source text and secondary text. The author acknowledges that the process of stereotyping is inevitable and at each step the reader asks the question about the (non) translatability is well founded, but is doomed to impose excessive “psychologization”.

Key words: attribution, fundamental attribution error, stereotyping, the process of translation.

Stereotypes in the reception of Croatian literature in the period of 1944—1956

There are two stereotypes in the reception of Croatian literature in the period of 1944—1956. Yugoslavia was a political ally for Comunist and Slavic countries in the begining. After 1948, after the Cominform Resolution of June 28th, it became one of their worst enemies. In the first period from 1944 to 1948 the Yugoslav authors present literature as coherent Yugoslav literature, with Polish reviewers insisting on the diffrences between the Yugoslav republics. Yugoslav literature in this period was about war, and writers are judged according to their political profiles and attitude during the World War II. The ones who symphatized with Partisans were progressive, the ones who lived in the occupied coutries were under the harmful infulence of Western culture, with its bourgeois values. After the Cominform Resolution, the literatures of the various Yugoslav republics are presented as homogeneous with no cultural differences. Every type of communication between Yugoslavia and Poland is broken down at that time. There is war rethoric in extremely negative Polish presentations of literary production in Yugoslavia in the second period.

Key words: reception, cultural policy, stereotype, Cominform Resolution.

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