The aim of this paper is to throw some light on the nature of metaphorical transfers of En­glish food names that historically have been employed in reference to human beings, their features, their
body parts, sexuality and other characteristics of human existence. As we will attempt to show, the motivation behind the rise of foodsemic metaphors is most frequently of purely extralinguistic nature. The combined synchronic and diachronic perspectives, often referred to as panchronic perspective, allow us to show that metaphorical shifts in lexical items from the macrocategory foodstuffs are not random but instead reflect the crucial influence of conceptual dimensions such as [taste], [colour], [shape], and [consistency]. The given dimensions are a conceptual reflection of extralinguistic objects which are of certain colour or transparency, taste or its lack, as well as consistency. Our analysis draws on the model proposed by Kleparski and related studies that trace metaphorical shifts in the history of English across diverse social and regional contexts.

This article examines the conceptualisation of simplicity as a human trait. Preliminary corpus has research revealed gender-based differences in how this trait is perceived. The study aims to reconstruct the cognitive images of a simple woman and a simple man in the Polish language. It is grounded in the ethnolinguistic framework of the Lublin school (J. Bartmiński), which reconstructs the linguistic worldview using systemic, survey, and textual data. The analysis draws on the lexemes prostota, kobieta and mężczyzna, experimental survey data, and material from two national corpora. Results show that both figures are linked with rurality, low levels of education, pragmatism, and superficial tackiness. The key difference lies in moral evaluation: the simple man is associated with virtues (honesty, sincerity), while the simple woman is depicted mainly through service roles and religiosity.

The article is a review of research on stereotypes and related concepts, such as myth and prejudice. The various definitions of stereotypes which are discussed are embedded in the humanities and social sciences, taking into account the cognitive and ethnolinguistic dimensions of the stereotyping phenomenon proposed by Jerzy Bartmiński. The article cites numerous definitions of stereotypes coined in the last century, starting from 1922, when Walter Lippmann published his groundbreaking book Public opinion, in which he first characterized the structure of a stereotype in relation to the formation of public opinion. The purpose of the article is to provide a holistic presentation of the phenomenon of the stereotype in an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary manner, drawing primarily on German and Polish research. The article also aims to formulate an original definition of a stereotype, which is presented at its conclusion, and to situate it within the broader context of related phenomena. Among the key problems in the presented article such as myth and prejudice, the article also presents cognitive and/or cultural studies definitions of a stereotype, as well as a purely behaviourist approach to the phenomenon, as proposed, for example, by Adam Schaff.