Przegląd Rusycystyczny 2023, nr 1

Spis

Artykuł wspomnieniowy o Profesor Krystynie Pietrzyckiej-Bohosiewicz

Despite the constant feuds between Poland and Russia, Russian men have always appreciated the beauty of a Polish woman, and they are featured in Russian literature. Therefore, it is not surprising that Alexandr Pushkin turned his attention to a woman who played an ambiguous role in the history of Russia. This woman was Marina Mnishek. Besides the fact that she became one of the main characters of the drama Boris Godunov, for the great Russian poet she was a symbol of female beauty, which allows us to learn the letters of the poet. Marina Tsvetaeva was in love with the image of Marina Mniszek. However, she explained this by the fact that she turned out to be the namesake of a famous Polish woman, and even an admixture of Polish blood in her pedigree.

Catastrophe and Details of a Sunset. On Two Titles of One Short Story by Vladimir Nabokov: From the Poetics of the Title to the Structure of Sense

The subject of the analysis in the article is V. Nabokov’s short story Catastrophe which in the proces of authorial translation into English received a new title – Details of a Sunset. Starting from the poetics of the title the following matters were considered: 1. creation of a hero in love – „half-god” Mark endowed with luminous attributes, connecting him with the mythical sphere (Eros, Amor), with the pre-beginning (Eden, the motif of childhood) 2. the category of the „sensitive narrator” – an involved observer of the events; 3. the oneiric sphere present in the short story refering to the myth, connected with the human drive towards higher values, with the eternal desire for happiness; 4. imagery and symbolics of the setting sun. It has been demonstrated that the mode of the sunset description and the alteration of the short story title allowed the author to accentuate axiological dimension of the literary work and thus set the relationship with the reader postulating a particular „elevation” to another level of understanding. Methodological inspirations for the presented considerations were taken from Roland Barthes’ reflections, who by evaluating the word in the discourse points towards its sense-generating function.

The article focuses on the analysis of Lyudmila Ulitska's short story „Alice buys death” in the context of the theme of hope. The Russian writer's new collection of short stories is strongly imbued with philosophical questions about existence and non-existence. The current theme of hope strongly resonates in one of the stories in this collection, as evidenced by the following article. In the story „Alice buys death”, Ulitskaya used conventions typical of her work. The main characters of the story are “little people”, shown at the moment of crossing the border of life and death. Our analysis proved that the theme of hope, which is often used in literature, was also reflected on many levels in the work of the Russian writer. The main driving force of the story is love in its many manifestations, and the coming death gives hope for a new life in a literal and a figurative, more philosophical sense.

Mikita Franko, the author of three novels qualified by critics as queer-literature for young adults, made his debut on the Russian literary market in 2020. Brought up in Kazakhstan in a same-sex family, Franko was a critic of the Vladimir Putin regime even before February 24, 2022; also after the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, he did not stop making critical comments in social media.

The novels of the young writer deal with the problem of searching for one's own identity and living in an intolerant society. The non-traditional families presented in the works (same-sex, monoparental) face various difficulties, most severely felt by the heroes in adolescence. Franko reflects the current social changes by showing alternative family models and comparing them with traditional models.

It is worth emphasizing that the families portrayed by the writer consist mainly of men, which encourages a careful examination of the role of the mother and her significant absence in the lives of the characters. Based on traditional ideas about motherhood, as well as anthropological and sociological works and queer-literature researchers, in this article I will attempt to analyze the image of the mother in the above-mentioned novels.

The author of the article is interested in the attitude of the medieval person towards various astronomical phenomena, their aspiration to characterize these phenomena, to point out their connection with the historical events of the Novgorod Republic. The relevance of the study of our subject is that the analysis of the descriptions of omens in medieval literature, including chronicles, is poorly researched by well-known historians and mediaevalists. The purpose of the work is to find, examine, and analyze what omens the medieval person drew attention to, how they reacted to them, and how these are recorded in the chronicles. Methods such as descriptive, comparative, and comparative and collation were used in the article. Fragments of the Chronicle of Novgorod describing various celestial omens were collected and analyzed in the article. The novelty of the research is that the analysis of celestial omens recorded in the Chronicle of Novgorod has not been performed before, and they have not been given much importance in the interpretation of ancient records.

Cultural and linguistic image of the Russian family - religious profile (on the basis of “Penzenskiy pravoslavnyy sobesednik”)

The article attempts to answer the question of how the concept of family is profiled in religious discourse. As a research material, the texts published in 2017−2020 in the monthly magazine “Penzenskiy pravoslavnyy sobesednik” were used. Following the theory of the cognitive definition, the aspects and features exhibited in this profile were extracted. The key components of the meaning of family as seen from the Orthodox perspective are faith, love, upbringing of the younger generation, and tradition understood as the continuation of and respect for the past. The constitutive element, overriding all others, is faith, which defines the essence and continuation of the family.

The article deals with the specificity of the use of the epithet, expressed by the adjective krutoi, in the lyric texts of Pavel Nikolaevich Vasiliev, the poet of the first half of the twentieth century. His work is notable for its dynamism, special imagery. That is why the epithet krutoi with its semantics of sharpness, strength, abruptness, decisiveness and severity is so in demand in Vasiliev's poetics. Usual semantics is transformed in poetic discourse and is overgrown with additional semantic increments, to varying degrees associated with conventional meaning - from an explicit connection to a distant one. Depending on the degree of transformation of conventional meanings, we distinguish three types of epithets: conventional epithets, semantic occasionalisms and semantic metamorphoses. Typical for Vasiliev's poetics is the transformation in accordance with his ideological and artistic views of the epithets expressed by the word krutoi. Semantic occasionalisms and metamorphoses make up 84.54% of the use of the epithets under consideration. With the help of occasional epithets, the poet creates unique macro-images and symbols that are essential for his poetic worldview, for example, the symbol of a horse.

So far scholars investigating Russian language in America have focused on the largest East Slavic communities in the north and northeast of the country. Since the 1990s, along with the growth of Metro Atlanta, the Russian-speaking diaspora has also increased. The sociolinguistic processes taking place in this community are related to the language choice in various domains of life, and to the transmission of the minority language (as a heritage language) to the younger generation. This article presents the results of the first stage of research on the family language policy of Slavic immigrants in Georgia based on quantitative and qualitative data related to self-assessment of knowledge of English and Russian languages ​​depending on the sphere of life and type of speech activity (reading, writing, speaking, listening), motivation for the choice of the place of residence, social characteristics, ethnic composition of the family, participation in the cultural life of the diaspora, etc.

The article analyzes the trends in the development of the vocabulary of the Russian language at the beginning of the 21st century, reflected in the dictionary of neologisms, which illustrates the changes in the axiological linguistic picture of the world of Russians, in particular, we trace an intensive rethinking of the meanings of words that contain political idiologems or mythologems, an expansion of the fund of words and meanings with evaluative semantics due to global processes of jargonization, criminalization, vulgarization, falsification (verbalization of untruth), feminization, intensification of a sign or action, verbalization of non-verbals, the actualization of precedence and creativity (active modelling of the language game).

Keywords: axiological language picture of the world, lexico-semantic processes, neologization, evaluative vocabulary and semantics, development trends.

In the process of loanword nativisation, foreign sounds are inevitably altered so as to comply with the phonological principles of the borrowing language. There is, however, an ongoing debate as to whether such modifications are attributable to the phonological similarity between the source and the target segments, their acoustic closeness, orthographic conventions of the languages involved or an impact of additional extralinguistic factors. The issue seems particularly relevant in the case of those sounds whose adaptation in the target language involves several changes. The present paper deals with the issue of the so-called British English long schwa adaptation in loanwords from English into Russian. E /ɜ:/ nativisation poses an interesting research problem due to its lacking a single phonologically or phonetically closest equivalent in Russian. Thus, a considerable variability can be observed in how it is adapted. The present paper aims to examine the major mechanisms and patterns of E /ɜ:/ nativisation in Russian loanwords and shed some light onto the interplay of phonology, acoustic similarity and orthography.

Towards this goal, the major adaptation scenarios of 200 established loanwords containing E /ɜ:/ have been compared to the results of an online experiment in which 41 native speakers of Russian with no command of English listened to a list of English words containing the sound in question in different segmental contexts and were asked to transcribe them using Cyrillic characters. The analysis demonstrates that while established loanwords are often influenced by orthography, spelling-based adaptations are inevitably reinforced by phonology and in some cases acoustic similarity. Moreover, a number of such adaptations is marginal if they are not supported by either phonology or phonetics, and the most common substitutes show an interplay of all three factors. Hence, our findings shed some light onto the nature of /ɜ:/ nativisation in the Russian language as well as add to the debate of the loanword adaptation phenomena in general.

 Professionally-oriented teaching of Russian as a foreign language to international students within the framework of the formation of academic literacy as an important factor of professional education is today an important and complex task, since any scientific work should reflect the academic competencies of students. The purpose of this article is to investigate and generalize scientific approaches to the study of academic discourse, to consider the structure and genre specifics of academic discourse. The set of exercises proposed by the authors contributes to the formation of the skills of writing a scientific text. The introduction of the system of exercises in the practice of teaching international students with a basic level of Russian language proficiency has confirmed its effectiveness, as evidenced by the positive results of the study.

recenzja książki Jakub Walczak, Fonetyka rosyjska. Praktyczny przewodnik
po wymowie i intonacji z ćwiczeniami, PWN, Warszawa 2018, 149 s.

Recenzji poddano podręcznik do nauki języka rosyjskiego jako obcego Любимые советские фильмы на уроке РКИ: учебное пособие, wydany przez w Moskwie w 2022 roku. Autorka książki – dr Natallia Kabiak – jest doświadczonym lektorem języka rosyjskiego na Uniwersytecie w Melbourne (Australia). Podręcznik proponuje system zadań i ćwiczeń opartych na dziesięciu popularnych sowieckich filmach. Praca z podręcznikiem zakłada nie tylko rozwój kompetencji językowych i realioznawczych studentów, ale pozwala również na ćwiczenie umiejętności sprawdzanych na egzaminie TORFL (Test z języka rosyjskiego jako języka obcego). Dzięki kompleksowemu charakterowi proponowanych materiałów dydaktycznych uczący się doskonalą umiejętności słuchania, mówienia, pisania, ćwiczą także gramatykę i słownictwo. Podręcznik przeznaczony jest dla osób, które opanowały język rosyjski na poziomie zaawansowania B1 i wyższym i może być używany zarówno na zajęciach z nauczycielem, jak i stanowić materiały do samodzielnej nauki.

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