This article analyzes the dissenting votes in the selection process for the 2022 Kazimierz Kutz Award, which was awarded to Szczepan Twardoch. The dissenting voices were cast by Iwona Świętochowska-Kutz and Jerzy Illg. While both are highly prominent, they differ in substance, form, means, motivation, and intention. Both dissenting opinions were subsequently commented on by Szczepan Twardoch. The study employs discourse analysis, with a particular focus on the pragmatic and rhetorical aspects of the situation. The article aims to identify the situational mechanisms that influence the intentions and objectives of the participants in this communicative event. The conclusions drawn from the research address, at the pragmatic level, attacks on the image (or face) of others, and at the rhetorical level, the construction of ethos and the resulting clash between these ethoses.

The author discusses the cultural phenomenon that occurred between 2016 and 2025, namely the translation of two literary classics (Winnie-the-Pooh by Alan Alexandre Milne and The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry) into Polish dialects and regional languages, in the context of the renaissance of local culture that began in the 1990s. She also raises the question of the significance and social function of these translations. With regard to Winnie-the-Pooh, she presents the onymic layer and analyses the mechanisms of humour in the original (here: examples of wordplay and references to English culture), and then compares them with the solutions proposed in this matter by the authors of translations into the Silesian, Greater Poland, Podhale and Cieszyn dialects. On the other hand, comparing the language of the translations of The Little Prince into dialects with the language of the original allows the author to formulate a thesis about the abstract nature of literary Polish and the descriptive nature of the dialects.

This article presents the relationship between language and gender from a linguistic perspective. It is argued that the positive societal changes in social, political, and professional gender roles simultaneously have negative effects on the representation of gender-specific differences in the language of various social groups, including the academic community. The strong emphasis on ideological considerations has significantly led to violations of orthographic and grammatical norms. Therefore, this study takes a closer look at the linguistic forms used to make differentiated gender concepts visible and questions their meaning within the framework of concrete rules. Among other things, nominalized participles and adjectives, the generic masculine, paired forms, passive constructions, and various graphic variations in written language are discussed. Additionally, the focus is placed on the pronunciation possibilities of some gender-specific writing styles. The argumentation relies on authentic examples from texts where the principles suggested by gender advocates are implemented. Finally, an attempt is made to differentiate between gender-sensitive forms that are considered socially appropriate and polite in specific communication situations and those that can be seen as stylistic and aesthetic deviations or as unfounded renamings that do not necessarily yield positive communicative effects.

The concept of gender-neutral language is developing rapidly in contemporary Polish, with elements of gender neutrality becoming increasingly present in general usage. This trend necessitates a response from those who develop materials for teaching Polish as a foreign language. The aim of the article is to analyse selected proposals featured on the website zaimki.pl, the primary source of information on this topic, and to attempt to systematize the word formation rules that underlie them. The discussion covers the (neo)pronouns and neuter grammatical gender, neuter personal nouns and constructions that use the epicene osoba (person). The grammatical mechanisms involved in forming these elements are described, and their potential for inclusion in Polish as a foreign language curriculum is assessed. The findings indicate that while some aspects can already be successfully integrated into teaching, others present challenges that currently hinder their implementation.

The subject of this article is an examination of how the crisis of authority/expertise and scientific knowledge manifests itself in the discourse of COVID-19 vaccine skeptics. To this end, the argumentative topoi present in statements referring to medical experts and vaccine recipients, as well as their status in society, were reconstructed. The illustrative material consists of comments written under posts on the official Facebook profile of the Ministry of Health by internet users. The analysis made it possible to outline the main topoi concerning scientific authorities (including medical experts): the topos of unreliable/incompetent experts, the topos of untrue/false experts, the topos of lying experts, and the topos of experts who are dependent (on pharmaceutical companies/the government), as well as those relating to vaccinated people (the topos of unequal treatment of citizens, the topos of getting vaccinated for benefits and the topos of vaccinated people as a threat).

The study aims to reconstruct the linguistic picture of woman in the discourses of the Polish manosphere, understood as a network of websites dedicated to men’s issues and perspectives (particularly those concerning women). Within this sphere, various communities operate, including supporters of the red pill ideology, incels, MGTOW (Men Going Their Own Way), and pickup artists. Four linguistic profiles of the concept of woman are identified, representing four different dimensions through which woman is perceived: axiological, sexual, intellectual-characterological, and social. Each dimension offers a distinct perspective on woman – always from the male point of view – highlighting different aspects of her image. The characteristics of women found on manosphere websites are replete with harmful stereotypes, hate speech, and, at times, even dangerous speech – namely, direct incitements to aggressive action.

The paper addresses the issue of values and value judgments in promotional texts on law firm websites. The material was extracted from the websites of ten law firms that ranked highest in Google search results between August 21 and September 11, 2020. The main objective of this article is to indicate what types of values are considered important in the part of legal discourse that concerns providing information about legal services, as well as to identify the noticed means of axiologizing statements. The collected material seems to prove that the texts in the examined register strongly emphasize intellectual, interpersonal, and prestige values, the most important of which are the competence and knowledge of the service providers. The evaluation is primarily based on lexical means: adjectives and adverbs. The references made in the text are based on theoretical findings developed in the field of anthropological linguistics.

Previous studies show that interventions to improve attitudes toward stuttering yield inconsistent results on the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes–Stuttering (POSHA–S). Comparisons of pre- and post-intervention samples indicate that success depends on the percentage of respondents who improved rather than the magnitude of change. A “crossover” effect emerged: respondents with the most positive pre-test attitudes showed lower post-test ratings, whereas those with the most negative pre-test attitudes showed the greatest improvement; respondents with intermediate attitudes showed little change. Similar patterns appeared in non-intervention samples, where one-third fell into positive, minimal, or negative change groups. The study analyzed 943 respondents from 29 intervention samples classified as unsuccessful (U), marginally successful (MS), successful (S), or very successful (VS), plus 345 respondents from 12 non-intervention samples. Using non-intervention data as a baseline, we calculated percentages shifting among the three change groups. In the VS category, interventions moved people from the negative and minimal change groups into the positive change group. In the S category, gains in the positive change group came from the negative change group. In the MS category, all intervention-related changes began in the negative change group, yielding modest growth in the positive and minimal change group. The U category showed shifts into both the positive and negative change group, mainly reducing the minimal change group. These findings suggest that interventions to improve attitudes toward stuttering should apply strategies tailored to individuals in positive, minimal, and negative change groups.

The aim of this study is to analyze the evolution of the term Asperger in the Polish and Italian languages. The comparative research demonstrates how, over time, Asperger syndrome has shifted from being framed in strictly medical terms to being understood in a more inclusive and positive light, also influenced by the perspective of positive psychology. Specifically, it was observed that the term Asperger is used in various contexts, both in reference to a clinical condition and to the individuals themselves. The study concludes that, although the terminology surrounding Asperger varies depending on context, the term is increasingly recognized and transparently used, contributing to the process of demedicalization and to a broader understanding of neurodiversity.

The study examines the adoption and adaptation of the German term Zeitenwende in Polish press discourse. To this end, the author analysed a corpus of texts published in selected newspapers and opinion weeklies representing a range of ideological perspectives. The analysis focused on the translation of the term Zeitenwende into Polish, the meanings attributed to it (conceptual profiling), and the adaptational strategies employed. Additionally, the contexts in which the term appears were analysed, and differences in its adaptation were identified depending on the authors’ ideological standpoints. The detailed analysis is preceded by an overview of the lexeme Zeitenwende in German, including its dictionary definitions, historical usage, and appearances in speeches by German politicians. The study employs the methodological framework of the Düsseldorf school of discourse research and the concept of linguistic and discursive worldviews. The analysis confirms the hypothesis that Zeitenwende may serve as a useful keyword for analysing contemporary discourse.

The paper addresses the issue of bilingualismin in children, with particular emphasis on its social aspects as part of the broader understanding of individual bilingualism. The article presents a speech speech and/or language assessment of a bilingual child. The description method used is linguistic biography, which – combined with the ICF, the RIOT procedure, and the LEAP questionnaire – constitutes a set of tools that can be used to assess bilingual children. The case of R., a boy raised in a Polish-English bilingual environment, serves to illustrate the assessment process and the practical application of these tools.

The subject of the study is the reflection of the animal world in Russian and Polish neighbor correspondence. The functional-cognitive approach allows us to answer the questions of why and when the authors of letters turn to the “animal.” Common to the Polish and Russian material was the figurative function of expressing a negative attitude towards neighbors, along with the possibility of insulting and often dehumanizing them. Individual examples concern a mocking and ironic softening of a negative assessment. Interlingual differences concern the choice of words. The typology of reflections of the animal world shows that sound and behavioral parallels with the animal world are possible, associations with dirt and garbage are used as a characteristic feature of an animal, and the names of animals are given to identify persons intentionally acting in harm's way. In addition, the tendency to describe the sounds of intimate life was reflected only in the Polish material, while the problem with garbage was reflected only in the Russian material.

One of the parameters characterizing the lexis of a text is the vocabulary repetition index comparable only when we examine texts or representative samples of texts of equal length. To compare texts of different (or similar) stylistic provenance, the most common way is to analyze 10,000 word forms and examine the index value for this sample. The value of the index for the Polish book reportages analysed in the article ranges from 2.94 to 3.88. The average value for the reportages under scrutiny is 3.39. In terms of the value of the analyzed parameter, it is close to humanistic scientific projects, especially those in the fields of literary studies and history. It seems justified by the thematic scope of reportages, which often refers to historical facts, and the method of their literary presentation. The reason for this is also because in reportages a large group of words is independent from the author, for example, place names, surnames, political science terms, etc. The research shows that the level of vocabulary repetition in book reportages is very low. Consequently, book reportages are characterized by diverse, rich and original lexis.

This article aims to analyze the urban lexicon of the Italian language through the study of the profiling of urban structures and their projection onto other concepts. The cognitive domain of the city (città) in Italian proves to be highly productive, generating a wide variety of expressions that utilize elements of urban infrastructure to describe objects, activities, phenomena, and more. This research focuses particularly on elements of urban structures with a connecting function. As a methodological tool for the analysis, the construal process has been adopted, specifically referring to one of its dimensions: conceptual profiling, a notion derived from Ronald W. Langacker’s theory of Cognitive Grammar. The objective of the research is to demonstrate how the city and its elements are described in the Italian language, based on their conceptualization, and how they are used to describe and understand other spheres of everyday life.

The subject of the study was the forms of bride price recording and renouncing presented by Bartłomiej Groicki in Tytuły prawa majdeburskiego from 1567. The aim was, first of all, to identify the non-linguistic factors that stimulated the emergence of genre models of granting and renouncing a bride price, and secondly, to determine the degree of conventionalization of language behaviours as illocutionary acts resulting from the deliberate action of the sender on the receiver in a specific communication situation. The direct factor determining the emergence of bride price recording was a desire to prevent unfair practices that took place during the division of property after the husband’s death, while drawing up the renunciation was to protect the rights and interests of the party to whom the widow transferred the bride price. The study proved that Groicki used vocabulary and language structures that had been previously known and used in legal and official communication. The legal formulas used by the pioneer of the genre models contain illocutionary verbs, and are relatively permanent and repeatable in nature.

The primary aim of the study was to determine whether the communication attitudes of early school-age children who stutter differ from those of their fluent-speaking peers, and whether parental assessment of their children’s attitudes toward speaking align with the children’s own self-assessment. A quasi-experimental research design was used, comparing an experimental group with a control group. Two independent variables were determined: speech fluency and the presence of a speech defect, and one dependent variable – the evaluation of communication attitudes. The analysis also examined the average scores of the children from both groups, divided by gender, age, articulation, and – for children who stutter – also by type and severity of stuttering. The findings confirmed that children who stutter hold more negative attitudes toward their own speech compared to their fluent-speaking peers. The study also showed that parental assessments of communication attitudes of children who stutter differ from the children’s self-assessment.

The review of Aleksander Kiklewicz’s Estetyka a pragmatyka: estetyczne akty mowy provides a critical and comparative discussion of aesthetic speech acts, juxtaposing them with the concept of figurative speech acts. In both cases, these acts arise in communication from the sender’s deliberate intent and the listener’s interpretation within a specific context. In addition to this core discussion, the reviewer also emphasizes the book’s valuable stylistic, pragmalinguistic, and literary background, drawing attention to aspects of the publication that may provide insightful answers to questions relevant to the reader.