Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
29-05-2023
|
Abstrakt
| s. 95-122
The Yugoslav Act of 1982 on resolving conflict of laws with regulations of other countries is still in force in the Republic of Serbia. The law drafted over 40 years ago was considered as innovative at the time of its adoption. At present, the Serbian academic community signals the need to update the current provisions of private international law, both in the spirit of approximation with the law of the European Union and in the need to better embed this law in the present legal order of the Republic of Serbia. The draft of a new act on private international law, prepared in 2014, was not adopted yet, although it was not formally rejected as such in Serbian legislative procedures (as of April 13, 2023) either. Though not formally binding, the draft law has been cited in recent years in the Serbian law journals, being an important point of reference for considerations on questions related to private international law in Serbia. It must be admitted that the progressive Serbian academic community turned out to be an active inspirer, creator and is now also a tireless advocate of changes in the field of private international law in Serbia. Serbia, which has been an EU candidate since 2013, has no particular obligation to introduce specific solutions in the field of private international law into its national law neither before nor after accession. EU law in the field of private international law is contained in regulations that will be automatically and directly applicable in Serbia when it becomes a member of the European Union. This is a dilemma whether to adopt the provisions which, in principle, will have to be repealed after the accession. At the same time, there are several benefits of approximating the law before the accession, including accustoming legal practitioners in Serbia to apply solutions similar to those in the EU, and increasing legal certainty by applying similar solutions of private international law in transactions between entities from Serbia and the European Union (regardless of the accession prospects). The author describes and summarizes the current state of regulations in Serbian private international law and analyses the main changes proposed in the draft law of 2014. The article also presents agreements binding Serbia in the field of private international law, including the still binding 1960 Polish-Serbian agreement.
2023-05-29
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
20-03-2023
|
Abstrakt
| s. 29-48
Mass inflow of Ukrainian citizens into Poland gives rise to many legal issues, including conflict-of-law questions about rights in rem held by such persons both in respect of property left in Ukraine and property brought to Poland. In the context of the prolonged stay of such persons in Poland, one crucial task may be, for example, to establish the law applicable to the disposal of their property brought to Poland under legal acts made in Poland. The Agreement between the Republic of Poland and Ukraine on legal aid and legal relationships in civil and criminal matters, done at Kiev on 24 May 1993, applicable in Polish-Ukrainian relations, devotes several provisions to those questions. However, the Agreement ignores the question of the law applicable to property law relationships having movable items as their objects. In particular, it does not designate the law applicable to contracts transferring the ownership of movable assets and contracts encumbering such assets with limited rights in rem. The relevant norms in this regard are conflict-of-law rules of the Polish Act of 04 February 2011 — Private International Law, and of the Ukrainian confl ict-of-law Act of 23 June 2005, designating the law applicable to property. Accordingly, as long as movable items are located in Poland, Polish law will apply with regard to the respective property law relationships. This is provided for in Article 41 (1) of the Private International Law Act. However, Polish law will not apply to obligational and property rights having as their object immovable properties located in Ukraine, which is covered by Article 32 of the Agreement of 24 May 1993. In this regard, Ukrainian law is exclusively applicable. Under Article 41 (2) of the Private International Law Act, in the assessment of legal relationships relating to a movable property brought to Poland from Ukraine, one should also consider legal events taking place when the asset in question was still in Ukraine. However, the assessment of legal events having an impact on property law relationships taking place in Poland and relating to movable items brought back to Ukraine will be based on the Ukrainian law.
2023-03-20
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
21-06-2022
|
Abstrakt
| s. 57-78
This paper delas with the selected issues of cross-border conversions of companies in private international law. Conversion is one of the forms of transformations of companies. The basic form of cross-border transformations mostly used by companies are mergers. However, as evidenced in particular by the judgment of the Court of Justice in the case of Polbud, also the change of the legal form is an institution of interest and present in the practice of cross-border activities of companies. In the foreground are the conflict of laws issues arising under private international law, in particular the question of the law applicable to the cross-border change of the company’s legal form. In order to answer this question, a definition of a conversion under the private international law has been provided. A cross-border conversion of a company must be distinguished from a cross-border transfer of the seat of the company as a connecting factor, as they are two completely different operations governed by different conflict-of-law rules of private international law. In the case of Polbud, there are serious doubts as to whether there was a cross-border conversion or cross-border transfer of the company’s seat. The law applicable to cross-border conversions is determined on the basis of the principle of combination or unification of the personal statutes of the state of the exit form and the state of the intended form of the company. Under this principle, however, the application of both legal systems is problematic. Useful guidelines are provided by the model expressed in art. 86c in connection with art. 86q of the directive on certain aspects of company law. The scope of application of the law applicable to cross-border conversions is determined by both leges societatis in question. Cross-border conversion operations also arise qualification problems related to issues such as the protection of creditors, minority shareholders and employees. The harmonized substantive provisions of the directive on certain aspects of company law make it easier to carry out cross-border conversions in the European dimension. The existence of such harmonized norms removes the barriers resulting from the applicable substantive law based on various principles and rules and makes the conflict-of-law issues then practically of secondary importance.
2022-06-21
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
14-03-2024
|
Abstrakt
| s. 5-58
The subject of the considerations are drafts of: the EU regulation on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of measures and cooperation in matters relating to the protection of adults, as well as the decision to authorize EU Member States to accede to the 2000 Hague Convention on the protection of adults concerning cross-border personal and care matters. The documents dated May 31, 2023 refer not only to the legal status of a person (e.g. partial incapacitation, guardianship, assistance in performing legal actions or functionally similar institutions under foreign law), but also the effects on civil law contracts with third parties (including rights and obligations within legal transactions). Detailed comments are presented about “measures of protection” for adults in legal transactions with foreign countries. The 2000 Hague Convention raises reflections on current trends in the sources of international civil procedure and private international law. They include, among others, the planned co-existence of the Hague convention and the EU “Brussels” and “Rome” regulations. The attempt to increase the number of parties to the convention and the participation of EU Member States generally deserve a positive assessment, which also means the ratification of the 2000 Hague Convention by Poland. However, some doubts are cast by the intention for simultaneous modification through an EU regulation. The idea of a draft EU regulation of 2023, intended to supplement and modify an international agreement for the needs of a regional economic integration organization, could prima facie be assessed positively. However, a detailed look at the draft regulation of 2023 leads to the conclusion that it should be corrected, as it partly contains provisions that are both desirable for judicial cooperation between Member States and solutions that are unnecessary or questionable. In particular, the proposed solution allowing for an unlimited choice of jurisdiction may raise doubts. It is not intended — as is typically the case in personal civil matters — that a jurisdiction can be chosen from among states that are in some way related to the adult’s current or future situation (e.g. by citizenship, location of assets, past or future residence, circumstances relating to the guardian or curator). Thus, a country (and law) may be chosen that are completely unrelated to the actual situation. Additionally, the proposed Articles 6—7 are not compatible with the conventional catalog of circumstances that determine the transfer of jurisdiction, nor with the conflict of law rules (Article 15), which provide for the choice of the applicable law in a narrower range of situations (citizenship, previous habitual residence, location of property). Under the proposed EU regulation the indirect possibility of choice of foreign law is possible through the choice of foreign jurisdiction. This makes it possible to achieve a substantive legal effect by the adult “selecting” the substantive law that he or she deems desirable at the time of choice, thus completely departing from the remaining provisions of the Convention and the Regulation in terms of jurisdiction and applicable law. There is no limitation to such an indirect choice from the perspective of the interests of third parties with whom the adult has personal or property relations. Moreover, such a solution may mean, in practice, a departure from the basic substantive legal principles of the country in which a given adult lives (habitually resides) or is a citizen, in favor of accepting the consequences resulting from a distant fact (i.e. unrelated to the actual situation) and legally (i.e. providing for axiologically different solutions concerning the broad category of ‘measures of protection’) of given law and state. Taking into account the variants of legislative action described in the impact assessment report (document 10108/23ADD), it would be worth postulating a change to the proposed method of legislative action. It seems more rational to temporally distinguish the two planned activities (projects) under option 4. First, take steps to join the 2000 Hague Convention and gather several years of experience in its operation, also between Member States. And then, in the longer term, taking into account the experience of applying the convention on the territory of the EU, consider supplementing or modifying intra-EU judicial cooperation in these matters. The longer experience of applying the 2000 Hague Convention can — firstly — verify the thesis about the need to improve its functioning, and secondly — determine precisely in which areas it would be desirable for the welfare of adults and their guardians in cross-border cases.
2024-03-14
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
30-06-2019
|
Abstrakt
| s. 141-168
In international trade, it is essential to determine the scope of the law applicable to property rights, i.e. the law applicable to the assessment of rights in rem. Article 41 of the Polish Private International Law Act uses the connecting factor of the situs rei. The competence of legis rei sitae regarding rights in rem should not be challenged when the subject of rights in rem is tangible property. If, however, the subject of rights in rem is not a tangible object but in a claim or other type of a right, then there is an urgent need to seek other ways of establishing the law applicable to the formation of such rights. In addition, there is a recurrent problem with the proper delimitation with the laws applicable to other issues, i.e. the determination of the law applicable to the assessment of the effectiveness of the acquisition of a limited right in rem, and the question of the so-called adaptation and qualification.
The purpose of the present study is to determine the law applicable to the establishment of limited property rights. Using the dogmatic-legal, comparative and complementary historical methods, the provisions of Article 41 of the Private International Law Act are evaluated, and conclusions are drawn de lege ferenda.
2019-06-30
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
22-03-2023
|
Abstrakt
| s. 5-28
The law applicable to marriage between Polish and Ukrainian nationals is set out in the 1993 Convention between the Republic of Poland and Ukraine concerning legal aid. The Convention stipulates that that a marriage can be contracted if the prerequisites provided for in the prospective spouses’ national laws are satisfied - determined separately for each of them. The Convention concerns only marriages between Polish and Ukrainian citizens and does not apply to stateless persons. The form of marriage is governed by the law of the State where the marriage was celebrated. The article discusses some issues concerning the prerequisites and scope of application of these regulations, taking into account the differences between the Polish and Ukrainian family law. These differences concern mainly the form of marriage (Ukrainian law does not provide for a religious form and does not allow the marriage by proxy) and some obstacles to marriage (in Ukrainian law the invalidity of marriage results, inter alia, if the marriage in question constitutes a sham or if there occurred a misrepresentation as to the health of a prospective spouse). The reader’s attention is also drawn to a specific ordre public exception contained in Article 58, paragraph 1 of the Ukrainian Law on Private International Law, according to which a marriage between a Ukrainian national and a foreigner concluded under foreign law outside the territory of Ukraine is valid in Ukraine provided that the Ukrainian national complies with the provisions of the Family Code of Ukraine concerning the grounds invalidating the marriage. However, this provision should not be applied if Polish law applies on the basis of the provisions of the Convention. The paper also touches upon the Ukrainian law to the extent it contains a residual regulation concerning engagement. Under this regulation, the person who refuses to marry despite an earlier engagement must reimburse the other party for the costs incurred in connection with the preparation for the registration of the marriage and the wedding. The study also draws attention to some practical aspects of marriage conclusion - in Poland by a Ukrainian citizen (Ukrainian law does not provide for the possibility of issuing a certificate of capacity to marry) and in Ukraine by a Polish citizen.
2023-03-22
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
31-12-2019
|
Abstrakt
| s. 107-122
The terms ‘characterization’ (‘classification’) and ‘exercise of characterization’ refer in particular to the efforts made to determine which conflict of law rule — and in the sense presented in this paper, also rule on jurisdiction — which is part of the law of the forum State, should be applied to the circumstances of a particular case.
In relation to the norms of private international law of the European Union, the triumph of an autonomous characterization at first sight seems undeniable. The term autonomous characterization (in principle — ‘autonomous interpretation’, the case law usually does not distinguish between exercise of characterization and exercise of interpretation) has been referred to over the last fifty years in order to describe the vast majority of operations of interpretation undertaken in relation to the norms of EU private international law.
The contemporary concept of characterization in private law of the European Union, although consistently referred to as ‘autonomous’, does not fully meet the criteria thereof. The papers argues that while the starting point was the autonomous characterization in its pure form (stage one), over time it partially gave way to the place of characterization according to the EU law-oriented legis fori (stage two), and finally it was enriched with new elements which gave it the form of a specific functional characterization (stage three). It is not so much about the consistency of the results of the exercises of characterization with the universal understanding of certain concepts. Exercises of characterization are carried out through the prism of their effects, so as to ensure the effectiveness of the norms of EU law (effet utile) other than rules on conflict of laws and on jurisdiction.
2019-12-31
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
10-12-2020
|
Abstrakt
| s. 138-158
Brexit is a unique phenomenon as no Member State has ever expressed the will to leave the European Union. Never before had the in-depth impact of a Member State withdrawal been analysed. The issue has started to be analysed after the referendum in which the British voted in favour of leaving the European Union. The topic of the potential consequences of Brexit in the field of private international law concerns, inter alia, national jurisdiction in civil and commercial matters, mutual recognition and enforcement of judgments, specific procedures of EU uniform law, judicial cooperation between Member States or the functioning of the e-Justice Portal and dynamic forms. Before a given Member State withdraws from the EU, interested parties should have been informed, inter alia, of how pending proceedings will be conducted starting with the withdrawal day, what about proceedings initiated at the date of withdrawal or later on, and what about the rulings of the courts of the applicant state covered by the exequatur procedure before the withdrawal. Therefore, the primary purpose of the article is to determine the framework for the future relationship between the EU and the UK in the field of private international law. An additional aim of this paper is to better prepare natural and legal persons for the new post-Brexit reality. European integration has brought Europe peace and prosperity and enabled unprecedented cooperation in all areas of common interest. Following the withdrawal decision, the state and its citizens cease to benefit from the acquis communautaire. In fact, the United Kingdom left the European Union on 31 January 2020. As far as private international law is concerned, the United Kingdom has become a third country. Subsequently, on 1 February 2020 a transition period has started and it aims to provide more time for citizens and businesses to adapt. The negotiations on the future partnership between the EU and the UK has started in March 2020, but they were postponed due to the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic. The relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union is sometimes compared to love that has passed away, but former lovers must continue to meet from time to time to manage certain common affaires. The analysis of the topic leads to the conclusion that, in fact, Brexit is a unique phenomenon that has no added value.
2020-12-10
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
29-12-2021
|
Abstrakt
| s. 5-37
The aim of the following article is to introduce characteristics of the Nordic countries’ cooperation in the field of private international law, with particular emphasis on legislative cooperation concerning matters of inheritance law. The study discusses the genesis, characteristics and methods of legislative cooperation, along with selected Nordic conventions on private international law. As an example of a legal act of such kind, the article presents the Convention of 19 November 1934 comprising private international law provisions on succession, wills and estate administration, the detailed analysis of which was based on the author’s translation of the act from Swedish to Polish. Selected detailed issues discussed in the content of the Convention were also presented, some of which were compared to the solutions adopted by Regulation (EU) No 650/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012.
2021-12-29
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
11-04-2023
|
Abstrakt
| s. 49-94
The conflict-of-laws rules laid down in an international agreement binding Poland and a non-Member State enjoy priority over rules of national origin (where a situation does not fall within the scope of EU conflict-of-laws rules), as well as over EU private international law rules (on the basis of the clauses provided for in the EU Regulations), yet in both cases exclusively in scenarios falling within their own scope of application. With regard to conflict-of-laws rules of a bilateral international agreement, such as those provided for in Article 35 of the Agreement of 1993, the characterization has to be carried out independently from the understanding of specific concepts that may be inferred from national substantive law or from private international law, be it of domestic or EU origin. As to the determination of the “material scope” of such conflict-of-laws rules, the textual interpretation of a bilateral agreement in question should play crucial role. Although the conflict-of-laws rules of such agreements generally call for characterization of the legal institutions established by the legal order of one of the two Contracting States, the comparative study limited to those two legal orders can merely serve as guidance when it comes to the determination of the “material scope” of those conflict-of-laws rules. While it is difficult to formulate generalizable conclusions concerning the “spatial reach” of the conflict-of-laws rules provided for in a bilateral agreement, it can be argued that — in the course of a dispute before a court — the law designed as applicable under Article 35 (1) of the Agreement of 1993 applies to the assessment of tort liability originating in an event that occurred on the territory of Poland or Ukraine, if the individuals involved in the tort have their domicile (seat) on the territory of Poland or Ukraine, and — although this is highly debatable — insofar as they have the nationality of one of these States, provided that all the above-mentioned elements do not link the situation underlying that dispute exclusively with only one of those States.
2023-04-11
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
31-12-2019
|
Abstrakt
| s. 27-41
The legal effects of the use of artificial intelligence algorithms need to be assessed not only at the level of national law, but also at the level of private international law. The initial point of assessment is to determine the law applicable to legal events related to artificial intelligence. The conflict of laws analysis of artificial intelligence also allows to expand the knowledge about traditional private international law institutions, such as ordre public clause. The paper does not pretend to fully explain the issue of conflict of laws of artificial intelligence. Its aim is to make a preliminary verification of the conflict-of-laws methods based of existing instruments. The study aims to start an academic discussion on artificial intelligence in the context of the conflicts of law. It is important as legal events related to artificial intelligence algorithms are characterized by considerable complexity.
2019-12-31
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
29-12-2022
|
Abstrakt
| s. 103-131
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza charakteru prawnego obowiązku alimentacyjnego w świetle ukraińskiego prawa materialnego i prawa prywatnego międzynarodowego. Przedstawiając specyfikę regulacji zobowiązań alimentacyjnych w ukraińskim systemie prawnym, przeanalizowano szereg orzeczeń sądowych.
Dalsze rozważania poświęcono określeniu prawa właściwego. W pierwszej kolejności w artykule omówiono możliwość wyboru przez strony prawa właściwego dla zobowiązań alimentacyjnych. W dalszej kolejności uwaga została skupiona na kwestiach ustalenia prawa właściwego w przypadku braku wyboru prawa przez strony. Ponadto w artykule w tym kontekście poruszono ogólne zagadnienia prawa prywatnego międzynarodowego, takie jak obejście prawa i klauzulę porządku publicznego.
W artykule omówiono źródła prawa prywatnego międzynarodowego w zakresie spraw alimentacyjnych. Stwierdzono, że ukraińska ustawa o prawie prywatnym międzynarodowym z 2005 r. nie zawiera jednej normy kolizyjnej, której zakres dotyczyłby wszystkich kategorii roszczeń alimentacyjnych, a przepisy kolizyjne dla zobowiązań alimentacyjnych są rozproszone wśród instrumentów prawnych dotyczących pomocy prawnej i stosunków prawnych w sprawach rodzinnych. W szczególności są one objęte zakresem szeregu umów dwustronnych, a także zakresem konwencji mińskiej z 1993 r. mającej regionalny zasięg stosowania. Jednakże dotychczas Ukraina nie jest związana żadną umową międzynarodową o zasięgu globalnym, która regulowałaby ustalenie prawa właściwego dla zobowiązań alimentacyjnych.
2022-12-29
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
31-12-2019
|
Abstrakt
| s. 43-65
Since August 17, 2015 the courts of the Member States of the European Union apply the conflict-of-laws rules adopted in the EU Succession Regulation (EU) in succession matters. From the Polish point of view, this constitutes not only the change of the rules applied for the purposes of determining jurisdiction and the applicable law, but also a new approach to the overriding mandatory provisions.
Contrary to other European instruments of private international law, the Succession Regulation neither uses the term “overriding mandatory provisions”, nor defines its meaning. Nevertheless, in Article 30 the Regulation provides for application — irrespective of the law applicable to the succession under its conflict rules — of the special rules of the State, where certain immovable property, enterprises or other special categories of assets are located, and which — for economic, family or social considerations — impose restrictions concerning or affecting the succession in respect of those assets, in so far as, under the law of that State, they are applicable irrespective of the law applicable to the succession.
The interpretation of this provision cause difficulties. It is not clear whether the concept of the special provisions embodied in Article 30 refers to the concept of overriding mandatory rules, well known in the European private international law, or whether it constitutes an original solution. Another controversial issue discussed in the paper is the relevance of the mandatory rules of the forum or the third State other than those mentioned in Article 30.
2019-12-31
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
12-06-2022
|
Abstrakt
| s. 115-137
This article addresses the issues related to heredamiento - an agreement as to succession, characteristic of the Catalan legal system (Spain), the centuries-long functioning of which may be an inspiration for other legislators. The paper first attempts to locate this institution in the context of history and terminology. Further, it explains and describes the functioning of heredamiento in the provisions of Catalan law currently in force. The article then discusses the centuries-old location of this institution at the junction of succession law and family law. The paper also presents issues relating to the conflict of laws rules of private international law and the conflict of law rules of interregional law that are characteristic of the Spanish legal system. Therefore, introducing the reader to the institution of heredamiento, the author suggests that the Polish legislator should not cease looking for legal instruments adjusted and adapted to social realities, which would adequately protect the interests of both future decedents and heirs.
2022-06-12
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
10-12-2020
|
Abstrakt
| s. 39-59
Disputes arising from international data breaches can be complex. Despite the introduction of new, unified EU regulation on the protection of personal data (GDPR), the European Union failed to amend the Rome II Regulation on the applicable law to non-contractual liability and to extend its scope to the infringements of privacy. GDPR only contains provisions on international civil procedure. However, there are no supplementing conflict-of-law rules. In order to determine the applicable law national courts have to apply divergent and dispersed national codifications of private international law. The aim of this study is to propose an optimal conflict-of-law model for determining the applicable law in case of infringement of the GDPR’s privacy regime.
2020-12-10
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
19-06-2021
|
Abstrakt
| s. 5-49
The paper answers one of fundamental questions for the Polish private international law (narrowly understood): is the principle of equal treatment all legal systems in this law illusion or reality? Achievement of the intended goal needed investigation of following issues, which related to this principle: genesis and theoretical basis, content and indications, deviations, domestic legislative tendency and views in domestic doctrine. Considerations included in the paper confirmed the existence of the principle of equal treatment all legal systems in the Polish private international law. However the realization of this principle is not fully satisfied and needs certain improvements.
2021-06-19
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
30-06-2019
|
Abstrakt
| s. 5-20
The paper examines the fundamental issues regarding the interests in private international law. The goal of the present investigation is to attempt an answer to the question whose interests does the conflict-of-laws rules (narrowly understood) protect. This question is discussed in particular in reference to the theory created in the German doctrine by G. Kegel and developed by his follower K. Schurig. The paper systematizes the conflict-of-laws interests, giving the Polish law examples of the solutions that incorporate them. To be conscious that these interests exist and how they are allocated is necessary, both when drafting and enacting private international law legislation, as well as at the time of its application.
2019-06-30
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
12-06-2022
|
Abstrakt
| s. 79-113
The article deals with the new Uruguayan act on private international law, i.e. the General Act on Private International Law n° 19.920 of the 17th of November 2020. The authors aim to analyse and assess its solutions, especially in the areas of matrimonial property relations, succession and legal entities, taking into account historical and comparative perspectives. The study presents the origins of the Act, its structure, main characteristics and ideas, and essential novelties introduced thereby. As for matrimonial property relations and succession, the authors focus on the question of the applicable law, while as for legal entities, also on the notion of the recognition of their legal personality. Within the comparative remarks, new Uruguayan provisions are explained against the background of Argentinian, Brazilian, Chilean, Colombian, Cuban, Dominican, Panamanian, Paraguayan, Peruvian and Venezuelan rules, as well as international multilateral conventions and European Union regulations.
2022-06-12
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
19-06-2021
|
Abstrakt
| s. 109-129
The real seat is a recognised, although expressed in different terms, connecting factor of the EU international private law, relating to companies in they different legal relations. Under the regulations unifying particular areas of this law, relevant form the point of view of cross-border operations of companies, the real seat is the connecting factor determining the applicable law in the field of contractual and non-contractual obligations, and the company’s bankruptcy. Furthermore, it deretmines the jurusdiction for insolvency proceedings against the company, and i salso a jurisdictional connecting factor for general civil and commercial matters. The real seat connecting factor may also constitute a connecting factor determining the law applicable to company, accectable under the EU freedom of establishement.
2021-06-19
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Maciej Szpunar
,
Maciej Zachariasiewicz
,
Krzysztof Pacuła
Język:
EN
| Data publikacji:
29-06-2020
|
Abstrakt
| s. 237-240
Professor Paul Lagarde is one of the most outstanding contemporary lawyers dealing with private international law. An author of numerous publications in this field, he has been, for the last 60 years, a source of inspiration for scholars around the world. His impactful contributions has been profoundly studied, discussed and cited also in Poland, and in particular in Katowice, which has been the centre for private international scholarship in Poland since the 1970s.
2020-06-29
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
29-12-2023
|
Abstrakt
| s. 183-193
Sąd Okręgowy w Kielcach zwrócił się do Sądu Najwyższego o rozstrzygnięcie zagadnienia prawnego: "Czy do wskazanego na podstawie art. 25 ust. 1 zd. 2 ustawy z dnia 4 lutego 2011 roku Prawo prywatne międzynarodowe (t.j. Dz. U. 2015, poz. 792)[1] statutu formy pełnomocnictwa udzielonego w stanie Illinois (USA) do przeniesienia własności nieruchomości położonej w Polsce należy udział świadka, potwierdzającego czynność mocodawcy własnym podpisem?"Sąd Najwyższy odmówił podjęcia uchwały rozstrzygającej to zagadnienie prawne wskazując jednocześnie, że w świetle art. 23 i 25 p.p.m. prawem właściwym do oceny udzielonego pełnomocnictwa jest prawo stanu Illinois jako prawo miejsca jego wystawienia (prawo miejsca dokonania czynności prawnej – lex loci actus). Ponadto zwrócił uwagę, że przedstawiając wskazaną wątpliwość do rozstrzygnięcia jako zagadnienie prawne, Sąd Okręgowy nie dokonał wyczerpujących ustaleń w zakresie treści prawa właściwego. Zastrzeżenia budzą rozważania Sądu Najwyższego, w których wskazano, że dla celów rozstrzygnięcia przedstawionego mu zagadnienia prawnego, konieczne jest uprzednie przesądzenie tego, jakie jest znaczenie i jaka jest funkcja rozpatrywanego wymagania oraz przyczyny jego ustanowienia, a także skutki jego niedochowania w prawie właściwym dla formy. Przedstawione Sądowi Najwyższemu zagadnienie prawne można było rozstrzygnąć, opierając się na kwalifikacji dokonanej na tle art. 25 ust. 1 p.p.m. Nie było do tego konieczne poddawanie szczegółowej analizie przepisów Illinois Power of Attorney Act i ustalenie roli świadka obecnego przy udzielaniu pełnomocnictwa regulowanego tymi przepisami. Jego udział w czynności prawnej dokonywanej przez mocodawcę należy do zakresu statutu formy czynności prawnej w rozumieniu art. 25 ust. 1 zd. 1 i 2 p.p.m. Rolą świadka w rozpatrywanym przypadku jest bowiem potwierdzenie swoim podpisem, że w jego obecności doszło do udzielenia pełnomocnictwa i złożenia podpisu przez mocodawcę pod treścią oświadczenia, w którym udziela on tego pełnomocnictwa. Pełni on przy tej czynności prawnej rolę podobną do notariusza (notary public), którego udział przy jej dokonaniu także jest wymagany, co nie jest kwestionowane jako wymóg objęty zakresem zastosowania statutu formy.
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
29-12-2021
|
Abstrakt
| s. 151-167
The Supreme Administrative Court has correctly adjudicated that without determining which inheritance law is applicable to the inheritance from the testator, the tax authority cannot categorically claim that an heir subject to inheritance and donation tax acquired the ownership of things or rights by inheritance at the time of the testator’s death. The ruling of the Supreme Administrative Court is also an opportunity to take a broader look at the provisions of the Act of the 28th of July 1983 on inheritance and donation tax which go beyond the issues covered by this jurisdiction. That act also raises other issues the resolution of which requires the application of conflict-of-law rules or, at the very least, of the methods of qualification specific to private international law. The position adopted by the Supreme Administrative Court in this verdict should contribute to the increase of the interest of tax authorities in conflict-of-law issues. Inheritance and donation tax is a public levy with which, due to the nature of the legal events covered by it, there are cases with the so-called „foreign element”. These are also of interest to the conflict-of-law rules. When considering them, as follows from the ruling of the Supreme Administrative Court, it is necessary to refer not only to our own (Polish) provisions of civil law, but also, by applying appropriate conflict-of-law rules, to the provisions of foreign civil law.
2021-12-29
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
10-12-2020
|
Abstrakt
| s. 159-177
The position of the executor of the will is governed by the law applicable to succession (Article 23(2)(f) of the EU Regulation 650/2012), while the position of the succession administrator of the estate of a business of a physical person located in Poland is subject to the Law of 5 July 2018 on the succession administration of the business of a physical person (the legal basis for such solution is in Article 30 of the EU Regulation 650/2012). However, if the court needs to determine the law applicable to certain aspects of appointing or functioning of these institutions, which have a nature of partial or preliminary questions, these laws will apply, as determined in line with the methods elaborated to deal with partial and preliminary questions in private international law. The rules devoted to the executors of wills are usually not self-standing. In such situations, the legislators most often call for supportive application of the rules designed for other matters existing in the same legal system (here — of the legis successionis). This is referred to as the absorption of the legal rules.
2020-12-10
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
30-12-2024
|
Abstrakt
| s. 125-146
Coraz częstsze zjawisko pracy zdalnej rodzi wyzwania dla pracodawców, legislatorów krajowych, a także dla prawa prywatnego międzynarodowego. Całkowite przeniesienie stosunku pracy na płaszczyznę zdalną odsuwa od siebie centra aktywności pracodawcy i pracownika, co widać zwłaszcza w stosunkach pracy z elementem obcym (np. zatrudnienie pracownika mieszkającego na stałe w innym państwie). Wówczas powstaje – doniosłe z punktu widzenia norm kolizyjnych – pytanie o prawo właściwe dla owego stosunku pracy. Odpowiedzi należy udzielić w świetle przepisów unijnych poświęconych prawu właściwemu dla indywidualnej umowy o pracę (art. 8 rozporządzenia „Rzym I”) oraz delegowaniu pracowników (dyrektywa 96/71). Ich zestawienie może skutkować koniecznością uwzględniania przez pracodawcę konkurujących ze sobą reżimów prawnych. W myśl bowiem art. 8 ust. 2 rozporządzenia „Rzym I” prawo właściwe dla indywidualnej umowy o pracę stanowi prawo państwa, w którym pracownik zazwyczaj świadczy pracę w wykonaniu umowy. Ustalenie tego państwa w epoce coraz powszechniejszej cyfryzacji może rodzić liczne trudności, także mimo pokaźnego dorobku orzeczniczego TSUE. Podobne wątpliwości mogą się pojawić przy ocenie, czy zostały spełnione przesłanki delegowania określone w dyrektywie 96/71. Analiza wypowiedzi przedstawicieli doktryny, zwłaszcza zagranicznej, oraz judykatury pozwoliła na ustalenie, że aktualne unormowania kolizyjne nie przystają do współczesnych potrzeb obrotu. Istnieje również nieścisłość pomiędzy unormowaniami międzynarodowego prawa pracy a przepisami dotyczącymi zabezpieczenia społecznego. Nasuwa się zatem konkluzja, że niezbędna jest interwencja ustawodawcy w celu wyważenia spornych oczekiwań pracodawców i pracowników. W tym kontekście artykuł ma charakter zarówno poznawczy (zawiera analizę obowiązujących regulacji), jak i teoretyczny. Zaprezentowane analizy i wnioski mogą się okazać przydatne również dla praktyki prawa.
2024-12-30
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
30-06-2019
|
Abstrakt
| s. 77-107
In the Western culture there is a widespread belief that marriage should be contracted only by freely expressed will. Hence, marriages concluded at an early age are considered unacceptable. Entering into marriage by children has a negative impact on their education, physical and mental health, as well as their socioeconomic position. For this reason, such practices are incompatible with human rights. Therefore, European countries are trying to counteract them, which results in taking specific legislative actions. The intensification of these activities is particularly evident in the last decade, which is mainly caused by the increased migration to Europe from countries belonging to other cultural circles. Child marriages, being a phenomenon strongly embedded in culture, have become one of the areas where there are frictions between the majority, which in principle determines the shape of legal regulations, and minorities who, on the one hand, want to live in European countries, but also want to preserve the traditions that are cultivated in their countries of origin.
The changes in law considering child marriages are undertaken in realm of substantive law as well as conflict of laws rules. In the second case, the states introduce specific public policy clauses referring to child marriages. The paper aims at describing and evaluating those changes in law, especially from the point of view of private international law.
2019-06-30
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
29-12-2022
|
Abstrakt
| s. 163-186
In this article the authors analyse the consequences of displacement of natural persons during war, in the field of private international law. That displacement may affect the determination of applicable law if the factors to be taken into account include domicile, habitual residence, permanent residence, residence or sojourn of natural person. Apart from discussing the general understanding of these factors, we present the situations where a person has lost links with the country of his or her nationality because of the war but has not acquired strong links with any other country. All of the issues are discusses in the light of legal assistance agreements, EU law, and national laws.
2022-12-29
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
EN
| Data publikacji:
29-06-2020
|
Abstrakt
| s. 241-252
On 12 September 2019, the premises of the Faculty of Law and Administration of the University of Silesia in Katowice (Poland) witnessed one of such events, which will arguably go down in history of private international law in Poland. On that day, the University hosted an international conference on the Regulation (EU) No 650/2012 of 4 July 2012 on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of decisions and acceptance and enforcement of authentic instruments in matters of succession and on the creation of a European Certificate of Succession (“the Succession Regulation”), and on the various issues relating to the succession matters within the European area of freedom, security and justice.
2020-06-29
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
29-12-2021
|
Abstrakt
| s. 125-149
The article confronts the unilateral and multilateral methods in private international law. The author first identifies the basic differences between the two. She then moves to describe the instruments and concepts resulting from the unilateral method: the theories of the Statutists in the period between 12th to 19th centuries, the solutions offered by the so called new American school, the method of recognition of private situations crystallized in a foreign legal system, the rules governing the spatial scope of the EU provisions, including the regulations and the directives, and finally the paradigm of the overriding mandatory rules.
The second part of the paper provides a comment to the Nikiforidis case. The author makes a number of critical remarks with respect to the restrictive and rigid interpretation of Article 9(3) adopted by the CJEU. The argument is made that the more flexible and functional approach proposed by the Attorney General Maciej Szpunar in his Opinion should be preferred. Finally, the author makes her own proposition regarding the Nikiforidis case. She advocates a unilateral methodology that rejects the distinction between the overriding mandatory rules of the legis fori, legis causae and these of a third country.
2021-12-29
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
EN
| Data publikacji:
29-06-2020
|
Abstrakt
| s. 27-43
The article discusses the impact of the EU Succession Regulation on the German system of private international law. The change came with some important differences introduced in the text of the Regulation as in comparison to previous German solutions (especially the use of the habitual residence as the main connecting factor instead of nationality), and, as a result of the number of decisions of the CJEU on the Regulation (in particular the Kubicka case). The paper presents the most important, up-to-date German case-law relating to the EU Succession Regulation. It starts with the general remarks in that regard and continues to discuss judgments covering issues of jurisdiction, applicable law, and the European Certificate of Succession. Three conclusions are drawn therefrom. First, the cases show a general willingness of the courts to cope with the fundamental changes introduced by the Regulation. In particular, the concept of “habitual residence” is applied on the basis of an autonomous interpretation by reference to the case-law of the CJEU on Regulation Brussels IIa. Second, a number of decisions make apparent that the courts are sometimes slow to accept the consequences which flow from the changes brought about by the Regulation, and which oblige to re-consider the German practice in matters of international successions. That applies in particular to the issuing of the European Certificate of Succession. Third, German courts are generally ready to initiate cooperation with the CJEU by formulating preliminary questions (three questions posed by the end of 2019).
2020-06-29
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
28-09-2023
|
Abstrakt
| s. 5-37
W artykule przedstawiono nowe postaci rodzicielstwa, przyjęte w obcych systemach prawnych, nie tylko z perspektywy regulacji merytorycznych, lecz również w odniesieniu do perspektywy kolizyjnoprawnej. W początkowych uwagach Autorki wyjaśniły, z jakich przyczyn prawidłowa jest kwalifikacja nowych rozwiązań prawnych do zakresu norm kolizyjnych o pochodzeniu dziecka, a nie o adopcji. W kolejnej części artykułu przedstawiono różne rozwiązania prawne dotyczące filiacji przewidziane w obcych systemach prawnych, a następnie poddano je analizie kolizyjnoprawnej. Autorki wyjaśniły, które z norm kolizyjnych (zarówno wśród polskich norm ustawowych, jak i norm pochodzących z dwustronnych umów międzynarodowych) powinny być stosowane w celu ustalenia prawa właściwego dla każdej z omawianych regulacji oraz określiły, jaki jest zakres właściwego prawa. Poddane analizie obce instytucje to: współmacierzyństwo (zarówno powstające ex lege, jak i wskutek uznania przez współmatkę), rodzicielstwo powstające na podstawie konstrukcji prawnych neutralnych płciowo oraz wielorodzicielstwo (wynikające z umowy albo z orzeczenia sądowego). Wreszcie, Autorki poddały ocenie zakres ingerencji polskiej klauzuli porządku publicznego przeciwko skutkom stosowania obcego prawa regulującego postaci rodzicielstwa nieznane polskiemu systemowi prawnemu. Artykuł zamykają uwagi końcowe
2023-09-28
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
30-06-2019
|
Abstrakt
| s. 109-139
The article is aimed at determining the relevance of the flag state (regarding vessels) and the country of registration (regarding aircrafts) principles for the purpose of the application of territorial connecting factors (the place of the event giving rise to damage (place of acting) and the place where the damage occurred (place of damage)) employed by article 7(2) of the Regulation No 1215/2012 (Brussels I bis Regulation) providing a special jurisdiction rule in matters relating to tort, delict or quasi-delict and by article 4(1) of the Regulation No 864/2007 (Rome II Regulation) specifying the law applicable to a non-contractual obligation arising out of a tort or delict. The flag state and the country of registration principles could be taken into account when circumstances constituting the event giving rise to damage or the damage itself are situated on board of a vessel navigating in or an aircraft flying through the areas outside the sovereignty of any state (in particular the High Seas). The reference to the flag state or the country of registration instead of the sovereignty in order to identify the member state whose courts have jurisdiction pursuant to article 7(2) of the Brussels I bis Regulation or the state whose law is applicable according to article 4(1) of the Rome II Regulation may also be possible in cases when the determination of the place where the event giving rise to damage occurred or where the damage occurred is difficult or even when the competent jurisdiction and the applicable law identified based on the sovereignty over the area where the vessel navigated or the aircraft flew at the moment when the event giving rise to damage occurred or damage occurred does not materialise the closest connection principle.
2019-06-30
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
19-06-2021
|
Abstrakt
| s. 75-108
The contribution focuses on the lost profits according to the CISG Convention (United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods). The notion of lost profits and its extent according to Art. 74 CISG are presented. Moreover, aspects of calculation of lost profits, as well as limitations of the compensation for the lost profits are discussed. The author compares the notion of lost profits under CISG with the notion of lost profits under Polish private law. The author expresses his standpoint according to which the notion of lost profits under Polish law and under the CISG is quite similar, but by no means identical. The extent of the lost profits in two cases is different, as well as manners of its calculation. Therefore, caution is needed to avoid homeward trend and invoking Polish scholarship and jurisprudence as a guideline for solving the issues connected with interpretation of lost profits according to the CISG should be avoided.
2021-06-19
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
09-11-2023
|
Abstrakt
| s. 39-73
Proces ujednolicania prawa stanowi jedno z większych wyzwań międzynarodowego prawa prywatnego. Sam proces ma długą historię, która jednak nie zaowocowała konkretnymi wnioskami na temat skutecznych mechanizmów przeprowadzania procesu unifikacji. Publikacja Incoterms 2020 dała asumpt do rozważań nad przyczynami sukcesu niektórych inicjatyw unifikacji prawa prywatnego międzynarodowego i niepowodzenia innych. Istnieje szereg instrumentów prawnych służących ujednolicaniu prawa. W artykule skupiono się przede wszystkim na aktach podobnych do Incoterms, które nie pochodzą od władzy ustawodawczej. Wśród nich można wymienić standardowe klauzule umowne i zbiory zasad, a także konwencje. Artykuł omawia różne projekty i próbuje odpowiedzieć na pytanie, jakie cechy powinien mieć taki instrument, aby stał się powszechny. Analiza prowadzona jest z uwzględnieniem norm prawa kolizyjnego i materialnego oraz ich relacji do Incoterms 2020. Wreszcie, artykuł porusza również praktykę orzeczniczą związaną z Incoterms i ich znaczenie dla międzynarodowego postępowania cywilnego czy prawa podatkowego.
2023-11-09
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
EN
| Data publikacji:
29-06-2020
|
Abstrakt
| s. 7-8
The current volume of “Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego” — the leading Polish periodical in the field of private international law — is primarily devoted to the Regulation No 650/2012 of 4 July 2012 on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of decisions and acceptance and enforcement of authentic instruments in matters of succession and on the creation of a European Certificate of Succession (“the Succession Regulation”).
2020-06-29
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
EN
| Data publikacji:
29-06-2020
|
Abstrakt
| s. 71-89
The Regulations on Matrimonial Property (No 2016/1103) and on the Property Consequences of Registered Partnerships (No 2016/1104) are new important pieces in the “puzzle” of European private international law. This article particularly focuses on the relationship between the Matrimonial Property Regulations and the Succession Regulation, two instruments which will often be applied in parallel because of the close connection between the two areas they govern. The author examines in particular the scope of those instruments as well as their interaction with respect to jurisdiction and applicable law. At the same time, an attempt is also made to assess the position of Poland and of those other Member States that are bound by the Succession Regulation, but not by the Matrimonial Property Regulation.
2020-06-29
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
EN
| Data publikacji:
29-06-2020
|
Abstrakt
| s. 57-70
The article contains an overview of the rules relating to the scope of application of the EU private international law regulations. It addresses the treatment of the relevant preliminary questions, with special reference to the Succession Regulation. The issues are discussed in three steps. The first is connected with the way of interpreting the notions and concepts, such as marriage, adoption, legal capacity etc., where such matters as personal status, legal capacity or family relationship may come to the foreground as a preliminary question. The second is dealing with the law applicable to the preliminary question. The author compares pros and cons of the “independent reference” (lex fori) and the “dependent reference” (lex causae) solutions, considering the latter as less effective, producing more negative consequences. The third step embraces questions relating to the jurisdiction with respect to preliminary question.
2020-06-29
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
EN
| Data publikacji:
29-06-2020
|
Abstrakt
| s. 15-25
The author advocates a flexible approach with respect to the interpretation of the term “Member State” as employed in the Succession Regulation, allowing the differentiation between “participating” and “non-participating” States. It does not mean that the term “Member State” should always be interpreted in a wide sense including the three non-participating States: Denmark, the Republic of Ireland, and the United Kingdom. Whether a wide or a narrow interpretation is appropriate depends on the context and the purpose of the single provision. Most provisions contained in the chapter on jurisdiction refer to participating Member States only. But some articles such as the Article 13 of the Regulation, provide a counter-example. A uniform interpretation of the concept of Member State in all provisions of the Succession Regulation seems far too sweeping. It reminds of Begriffsjurisprudenz and does not take account of the purpose of the single provisions. In particular, it disregards the need for the cross-border protection of individual rights in a Union with open frontiers.
2020-06-29
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
24-06-2023
|
Abstrakt
| s. 123-149
Artykuł naukowy koncentruje się na odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy następcy prawni pierwotnego użytkownika dóbr cyfrowych mogą wejść po jego śmierci w stosunek prawny łączący go z dostawcami tych dóbr. W pierwszej kolejności należało podjąć próbę zdefiniowania pojęcia dóbr cyfrowych i dokonać ich odpowiedniej kwalifikacji prawnej, a także zastanowić się nad materialną oraz niematerialną wartością tych dóbr. Niezbędne było także wskazanie obecnie najpowszechniej stosowanych sposobów radzenia sobie z losem dóbr cyfrowych, które pozostawił w przestrzeni wirtualnej po swojej śmierci ich pierwotny użytkownik, a także poczynienie rozważań z zakresu jurysdykcji i prawa prywatnego międzynarodowego w aspekcie statutu umownego i prawa spadkowego. Ponadto w opracowaniu zostały wzięte pod uwagę, podnoszone w piśmiennictwie, kwestie dotyczące prywatności post mortem, ochrony danych osobowych i zapewnienia stosownej ochrony pozostawionym dobrom cyfrowym na gruncie prawa własności intelektualnej, które stanowią swego rodzaju przeszkody w dopuszczeniu do prostego następstwa prawnego dóbr cyfrowych post mortem. Jako podsumowanie pochylono się również nad obowiązującymi aktualnie w wybranych państwach na świecie rozwiązaniami prawnymi, które stały się następnie podbudową pod sformułowanie postulatów de lege ferenda.
2023-06-24
Czasopismo: Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Język:
PL
| Data publikacji:
29-12-2021
|
Abstrakt
| s. 191-203
Tłumaczenie na podstawie szwedzkojęzycznej wersji porozumienia zmieniającego konwencję Överenskommelse med Danmark, Finland, Island och Norge om ändring av konventionen med Finland, Danmark, Island och Norge undertecknad i Köpenhamn den 19 november 1934, SÖ 1935:17, om arv, testamente och boutredning Köpenhamn den 1 juni 2012 (SÖ 2015:1) oraz norweskojęzycznej wersji tekstu jednolitego konwencji Konvensjon mellem Norge, Danmark, Finnland, Island og Sverige om arv og dødsboskifte (LOV-1934-11-19).
2021-12-29
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Język Polski