Linguistic meanings function in a specific social reality. According to F. Hermanns, knowledge about this reality is an integral part of semantic knowledge, which includes three aspects of human communicative actions: cognitions, emotions and intentions, understood as cognitive, affective and volitive dispositions of a collective. From this perspective, the discourse may be reduced to the entirety of knowledge actualized in communication practices belonging to a given discursive formation, while the task of discourse hermeneutics is to explain how mutual cognitions, emotions and intentions of various social groups manifest themselves in individual utterances, and vice versa: how collective thinking, feeling and wanting change existing linguistic conventions.

The aim of the study is to examine communication strategies employed by the Polish and Czech speakers when communicating with each other in their native languages. In particular, the analysis refers to receptive intercultural communication. The material under investigation covers audio and visual recordings of semi-spontaneous dialogues. The pragmalinguistic research investigates the strategies which help achieve mutual intelligibility when using lingua receptiva. The findings prove how significant pragmatic aspects are when it comes to successful receptive intercultural communication.

This article is a contribution to the discussion on communication during the coronavirus pandemic. The material for this media- and linguistic-oriented analysis consists of the linguistic and visual layers of media texts dedicated to the pandemic and published between March until September 2020 in Polish analog and digital media (among others: “Polityka,” “Newsweek,” “Tygodnik Powszechny”, and social media). The purpose of this article is to answer the question of verbal and visual narrations about the coronavirus are built. The article presents and describes elements of so-called coronalanguage: neologisms created for communication purposes during the pandemic. This media-linguistic analysis also concerns selected weekly magazine covers, the verbal and visual layers of which address the topic of the pandemic, including the restrictions, anxieties and threats that have accompanied it.

This article discusses the use of epistemic particles in Jan Długosz’s Annals, a work considered the greatest achievement of Polish medieval historiography written in Latin. The analysis focuses on particles in the quantitative and distributional aspects. The semantics of these particles, their role in the narrative of the Annals, their syntax (in particular their relationship with hosting utterances), as well as their position in the linear order of the sentence are discussed in detail. This study has shown that Długosz’s use of these particles does not differ greatly from the norms of classical Latin. In the introductory section of the article, the author presents research on Latin and Polish particles, using the latter in an examination of Latin examples. The author’s treatment of this subject is indebted to the terminological and methodological strategies developed by Maciej Grochowski, which are given here extensive application.

The question of how inflected forms are represented in mental lexicons has been the subject of many studies for more than 20 years now. Are inflected forms stored in long-term memory in their entirety or are they a result of some computations? What details of their internal structure are recorded in mental lexicons? This article discusses how morphological relationships are represented in long-term memory, and explores the psychological feasibility of inflectional paradigms from the perspective of memory and computational efficiency.

The theme of the research is the spoken text of sports television broadcasts, especially the conversational forms that dominate at modern television. The research material were selected broadcasts of various sports disciplines, which took place at September and October 2020. For several years in Polish sports television broadcasts is a new kind of commentary. It is conducted by two people – a journalist and an expert or journalist and journalist. In the article author considers the type of communication relations between this two people. Because in this situation are two people, the most natural form of communication is dialogue. However, research shows that journalist and expert communicate also another way, such as monologues. Commentator duets conduct a professional reporting and commentary dialogue, or their exchanges resemble the reactions of excited fans, or they use „parallel monologue” related to the conduct of separate narratives related thematically. In the article author describes and categorizes them.

A REFUSAL is an act of speech that belongs to the so-called critical speech acts. Its implementation poses a threat to the interaction balance between the sender and the recipient. For this reason, language uses resort to a variety of verbal and non-verbal strategies related to REFUSAL. A special case of the implementation of this speech act are letters of rejection for job applications, in which the refusal should – directly or indirectly – be expressed. Senders of this genre of texts formulate the refusal in different ways. This article examines the forms in which the speech act REFUSAL is implemented in German, drawing from the aforementioned genre. The aim is to identify strategies used in the realization of this speech act and to create a typology of forms used in the linguistic uses of REFUSAL.

This study examines appeals for animal donations posted on the Internet by the Centaurus Foundation. The linguistic strategies in these texts have a specific purpose, which is to collect the money needed to save the life of a particular living horse from slaughter. The research carried out examines closely both the genre of appeal and the most common strategies used by addressers to elicit the attention of prospective receivers and to convince them to make contributions. Essential for this type of analysis is the use of the linguistic world image methodology, which makes possible the study of conceptualizations of animals to which such texts are dedicated. The imaging that results from a specific point of view increases the illocutionary power of the message.

The aim of the article is to reflect on the role of humans as producers of information in the mass media. Even if they are still present in the process of information production, they cannot always be considered as producers in the communication process. Their role is often limited to three activities: manufacturing the computer, pre-programming it and typing the new content into a pre-programmed design scheme. However, it can be argued that none of these activities is directly connected with producing the information. This allows an assumption that the actual information production beyond the activity of a human producer and may rather be seen as the machine reconstruction of a pre-defined scheme.

The author of this article analyses the context of using absolute linguistic lacunas in fragments of the discourse. Absolute lacunas are considered to be lexemes, which do not appear as fixed expressions in Polish-German and German-Polish bilingual dictionaries and have no equivalent in the target language. The analysis of the contexts of absolute linguistic lacunas is based on the analytical categories of Critical Discourse Analysis (KAD) (Jäger, 2004) and the intratextual layer of the multi-layered model of analysis DIMEAN (Warnke, Spitzmüller, 2008; 2011). As a result, the actual meaning of German absolute linguistic lacunas has been reconstructed and the lacunas have been given the status of key words and stigma words.

The purpose of this paper is to briefly analyze conceptualizations of the construal [IŚĆ/JECHAĆ] among Poles and Italians. Positing that the tools of research traditionally used in linguistic approaches are insufficient, the author draws from cognitive linguistics. His primary objective is the examination of the conceptualization processes behind the aforementioned construal, giving special attention to the internal depiction of particular linguistic expressions as well as on the image schemata and conceptual metaphors they engender. For this purpose, differences between Italian construals [AND + IN] and [AND + A] Polish ones [IŚĆ/JECHAC + W] and [IŚĆ/JECHAĆ + DO/NA] are analysed. The author enumerates various ways in which these construals
are imagined in the two different language systems and draws attention to avenues for new research.